Kudin Layin Samar da Panel na Rana ta Ƙarfi — Takardun Kuɗi na Gaskiya 12, daga 5 MW zuwa 600 MW

Kowane jimillar da ke wannan shafin tayi ne na ainihi na Ooitech, ba kiyasin masana'antu ba: nawa ne layin samar da hasken rana ke kashewa a kowane matakin ƙarfi, waɗanne injuna ne ke canza adadin, da kuma layukan kasafin kuɗi shida da takardar kayan aiki ba ta nuna.

Kera Na'urar PV · Jagorar Kayan Aiki da Zuba Jari · na Jerry, Ooitech

1. Matakan Kuɗin Layin Samar da Faifan Rana — Tayi Goma Sha Biyu na Gaske

Yawancin kuɗin layin samar da faifan rana labarai da aka buga a kan layi suna ba ka lamba ɗaya don ƙarfin aiki ɗaya sannan su tsaya a nan. Tambayar da mai siye ke da ita ta bambanta: yaya lambar take motsi yayin da shirina ke motsi? Idan tattaunawar siyar da kaya ta kawo 80 MW maimakon 120 MW, menene kasafin kuɗin kayan aiki zai zama? Idan mai ba da rance ya tura ka daga 150 MW zuwa 200 MW, nawa ne na ƙarin injuna kuma nawa ne sauran abubuwa? Teburin da ke ƙasa yana amsa wannan da jimillar tayi — duk FOB Shanghai, duk sun haɗa da layin shigarwa da gwadawa inda aka ambata.

Kuɗin kayan aiki kowace watt — kowane batu takardar tayi ta gaske ce.

Hoto 1: Kuɗin layin samar da hasken rana kowace watt yana faɗuwa sosai har zuwa ~60 MW, yana daidaitawa a matakin 100–120 MW, sannan ya sake tashi a 150 MW inda igiyar sauri da bas ɗin atomatik suka shiga takardar. Ƙasan ita ce $0.0072/W a 600 MW.

Hanyoyi uku a cikin wannan lanƙwasa suna shafar shawarwarin kasafin ku kai tsaye. Na farko, gefen hagu mai tsayi: tafiya daga 5 MW zuwa 60 MW yana rage kuɗin kayan aiki kowace watt da kashi biyu cikin uku, saboda kuɗin da ba a canza shi na sashen gwaji da kammalawa — na'urar gwajin IV, na'urar gwajin EL, firam, na'urorin jigilar kaya — yana bazuwa kan ninki goma sha biyu na kayan da ake samarwa. Babu wanda ya kamata ya gina layin 5 MW yana tsammanin tattalin arzikin sikeli; kuna gina shi don tabbatar da kasuwa ko tsari. Na biyu, tsakiyar da take daidai: farashin 100, 120 har ma da 200 MW suna tsakanin $0.0083 da $0.0103 kowace watt, saboda bayan stringers biyu da laminator mai ɗaki biyu, ƙarin ƙarfin aiki shine ƙarin kwafi na injuna da aka tabbatar maimakon sabon iyawa. Na uku, sandar lemu a 150 MW: kuɗin kowace watt yana motsawa sama, zuwa $0.0114, kuma wannan ba kuskure ba ne. Takardar 150 MW tana musanya da stringer ATW mai sauri ($380k a kan $120k na SS-2500), injin bussing atomatik na $250k, da na'urar gwajin IV ta Gsolar Class A a $65k. Kuna biya ƙari kowace watt don siyan kayan aiki kowace ma'aikaci da ingantaccen sarrafa tsari — cinikin yana biya ne kawai lokacin da layin ke aiki awanni 24 a kan siyarwa da aka ƙulla. A wasu kalmomi, kuɗin samar da na'urar hasken rana da za ku iya cimma ana ƙayyade shi ƙasa da matakin da kuka saya fiye da amfanin da kuke ci gaba: layin 120 MW da ake gudanarwa a 60% yana samar da 72 MW yayin da rage darajar da albashi suka tsaya daidai da 120.

2. Matakin Shiga (5–30 MW): Inda Kasafin Semi-Atomati Ke Tafiya

Semi-atomati masana'antar panel ɗin hasken rana layin yana tattara kuɗinsa a cikin injuna biyu daidai. A kan takardar 20 MW — jimillar $307,600, abubuwa goma sha shida — injin SS-2500 tabber-stringer yana $120,000 kuma injin OCY-2666 laminator yana $90,000. Tare: 68% na kasafin kayan aiki. Sauran $97,600 suna sayen duk ƙofar inganci (laser scribing $20k, IV sun simulator $20k, na'urar gwajin tantanin halitta $15k, na'urar gwajin lahani ta EL $15k), semi-atomatik framing ($6k), tashoshi huɗu na layup na hannu ($4.8k), da masu ɗauka marasa daraja, masu yanka, da injin iska da injin lanƙwasa ribbon da aka ƙara a bita na Janairu 2025. Takardun 5 MW da 10 MW suna bin irin wannan siffa a ƙaramin ma'auni: $60k stringer, $30–68k laminator, kusan $40k na na'urorin gwaji, kuma jimillar ta tsaya a $169,100 da $209,200 bi da bi.

Wannan tattarawa tana da sakamako mai amfani ga masu siye a wannan matakin: ba ka yin kwatancen siyayya na injuna talatin ba, kana yin kwatancen siyayya na biyu. Shawarar stringer tana ƙayyade dacewar tantanin ku (3–20BB, 156–210 mm, rabin-yanke da kwata-yanke), ƙasan karyewar ku (≤0.2% akan tantanin A-grade ga duka SS-1500 da SS-2500), da iyakar ku akan sifofi na gaba. Shawarar laminator tana ƙayyade yawan kayan da kuke samarwa da daidaiton zafin ku (±1 zuwa ±2 °C akan ajin 2666). Duk sauran kusan kaya ne na yau da kullum. Lokacin da farashin tayin semi-atomatik biyu suka bambanta da fiye da kusan 15%, bambancin kusan koyaushe yana cikin waɗannan layukan biyu — lambobin samfuri, adadin ɗaki, ko nau'in dumama — ba cikin jerin tashoshi ba.

Abin da muke gaya wa masu siye na matakin shiga su guji shi ne yanke ƙofar inganci. Jarabar da ke faruwa a jimillar $169k ita ce a goge EL tester na $15k ko IV simulator na $20k sannan a "ƙara su shekara mai zuwa." Amma tsagewar da ake samu wajen stringing ba a iya gani ba tare da EL ba, kuma ba tare da na'urar gwajin IV ba kuna jigilar azuzuwan wutar da ba za ku iya tabbatarwa ba — wanda babu wani dakin gwaji na takaddun shaida ko babban mai siye da zai yarda da shi. $35k na duka na'urorin gwajin biyu ita ce inshorar amfani mafi arha a duk masana'antar; modules ɗin da take tacewa a sikelin 5 MW da ba haka ba za su bayyana a matsayin buƙatun garanti a shekara ta uku.

Wani ƙarin adadi na matakin shiga da ya cancanci a lura da shi: ma'aikata. Layin rabin-atomatik yana aiki da aikin hannu na ɗora, jigilar hannu, yankan hannu da aikin j-box na hannu — takardar ma'aikata na layin atomatik mai kama da shi (Sashe na 7) tana ƙidaya ma'aikata 24 a kowane zamani, kuma matakin rabin-atomatik yana ƙarawa kan haka maimakon ragewa. A kasuwannin da albashin ma'aikata ke $400–700 a wata, wannan ciniki yana da hankali. A ginin Turai ko Tekun Gulf na Amurka, ba haka ba ne, kuma madaidaicin wurin shiga shine matakin atomatik na 60 MW ko da sau uku farashin kayan aiki.

3. Matsakaicin Mataki (60–120 MW): Inda Atomatik Ke Fara Biyan Kuɗi

Ƙididdigar 60 MW a $641,500 ita ce, a gogewarmu, takardar da masu saka hannun jari na masana'antu na farko ya kamata su yi nazari sosai, domin ita ce ƙaramin layi da kowane mataki na tsari ake gudanar da shi ta atomatik daga farko zuwa ƙarshe: ɗora gilashi ta atomatik, ɗora ta atomatik, injin laminator mai cikakken atomatik mai ɗaki ɗaya, tantanin firam mai haɗa duka a $135k tare da rarraba manne mai haɗe, da masu gwajin IV da EL na atomatik da ke rufe layin. A kowace watt yana kashe $0.0107 — kashi talatin ƙasa da takardar 30 MW — kuma ajiyar ta fito ne daga layukan ma'aikata da yake sharewa: inda layin 30 MW ke da teburin jigilar hannu da yankan hannu, layin 60 MW ba shi da ko ɗaya.

Matakin 100–120 MW yana ƙara sakewa maimakon sabbin dabaru: na biyu stringer ($240k ga duka biyun), laminator mai ɗaki biyu ($150–180k), kuma — a kan zanen gilashi biyu na 2025–2026 — injin haɗa layup-bussing mai haɗaka a $128–160k wanda ke haɗa tashoshi biyu da ma'aikatansu zuwa ɗaya. Ka lura da abin da ambato uku a wannan matakin ke nunawa game da tsarin module: layin gilashi biyu na 120 MW na Yuli 2026 ya kai $1,030,000, kaɗan ƙasa da na Afrilu 2024 na glass-backsheet 120 MW a $1,085,500, duk da ƙara na biyu mai loda gilashi da injin tef ɗin atomatik. Shekaru biyu na inganta iyaka sun sha tashoshin ƙarin. Zaɓin tsari a wannan matakin shawara ce ta kasuwa, ba babbar shawara ta kuɗin kayan aiki ba — sauyin tsakanin glass-backsheet da gilashi biyu bai wuce 6% na jimillar kayan aiki ba, yayin da yake canza haɗin samfurin da za a iya sayarwa gaba ɗaya.

Matakin 120 MW kuma shine inda takardun ƙididdigar mu suka fara rubuta bayanan aiki na gaske da zaku buƙaci don sauran kasafin kuɗi. Takardar Afrilu 2024 ta bayyana ginin: kusan 1,000 m² na ɗakin samarwa, rufin 4.2–6 m, kofofi masu faɗin 5–6 m, tazarar ginshiƙi sama da 6 m ko babu kwata-kwata, da kusan 700 kW na wutar lantarki da aka girka. Ma'aikata a wannan matakin sune 12–15 masu aiki da injiniyoyi biyu a kowane zamani, suna aiki awanni 24 a panel 32 a kowace awa. Riƙe waɗannan lambobin — za su sake bayyana a Sashe na 7 a matsayin layukan kasafin kuɗi waɗanda takardar kayan aiki ba ta ɗauka ba.

4. Babban Mataki (150–600 MW): Siyan Ƙarfin Aiki da Sarrafawa

Sama da 150 MW takardun suna canza yanayi. Injin haɗa igiyar ATW — sel 6,800 a kowace awa idan aka kwatanta da 2,400 na SS-2500 — yana kashe $380–390k kowace raka'a kuma yana bayyana da yawa: ɗaya a 150 MW, biyu a 300 MW, huɗu a 600 MW, don $1.56M na haɗa igiya a saman matakin. Lamination yana motsawa zuwa injunan ɗaki biyu mai Layer biyu a $360k kowanne. Kuma takardun suna haɓaka kayan aikin sake gyarawa waɗanda ƙananan layukan ba sa ɗauka: injunan sake gyarar gilashi ($25k kowanne, huɗu a 600 MW), teburin gyara tare da tashoshi masu naɗewa, masu ɗagawa, kuma — a saman — injin rarrabawa ta atomatik ($60k), naɗe kusurwa ($20k), da tashar duba ta ƙarshe, saboda a sel 6,800 a kowace awa, kwararar lahani da babu ɗan adam da zai iya tafiyar da ita tabbas za ta faru sai dai injuna su kama ta.

Lambobin 300 MW da 600 MW — $2,537,000 da $4,336,000 — su ne takardun da jumlar "masana'anta mai cikakken atomatik" a cikin ƙasidu ke zama ta zahiri: jerin 600 MW ya kai abubuwa 63 na layi kuma teburin aikin hannu da suka yi ɗigo a kowane ƙaramin takarda sun ɓace gaba ɗaya. Kuɗin kowace watt ya kai ƙasa a $0.0072. Amma karanta abin da ya ƙunsa kafin yin murna da ƙasan: 62% na jimillar 600 MW shine igiya da lamination kawai, ma'ana kuskuren kimanta ƙarfin a wannan matakin kuskure ne na miliyoyin daloli, ba matsalar tsarin lokaci ba. Layin 600 MW a kan buƙatun gaske na 300 MW yana kwafin kusan $2M na injuna da ke aiki a 50% amfani yayin da depreciation, wuta da albashi suka tsaya a girman 600. Shawararmu ta gaskiya a wannan matakin ba ta canza daga shawarar matakin labarin: yi girman daidai da yarjejeniyar saye, kuma ka tuna cewa takardar 200 MW a $1,669,500 da wani layi na biyu daga baya yawanci ya fi abin tunawa guda 400 MW don jimillar kashewa ɗaya — tare da ƙarancin haɗarin tsarin lokaci.

5. Abin da Haƙiƙa Ke Motsa Jimillar: Tattalin Arzikin Matakin Injin

A cikin dukkan zanen guda goma sha biyu, ƙungiyoyin inji huɗu ne ke tafiyar da kusan kashi 80% na kowace ƙididdiga. Sauran duk abubuwan — masu jigilar kaya a $2,000–3,000, na'urorin juyawa a $3,500, ma'ajiyar wucin gadi a $10,000, teburori na aiki a $4,000–4,500 — suna ƙaruwa da tsawon layin kuma suna kama da hayaniya a kowane zane ɗaya yayin da a hankali suke haɗuwa zuwa kashi 15–25% na jimillar. Wannan shi ne ainihin wurin da ƙididdiga masu ƙarancin iyaka ke yankewa: cire wuraren jigilar kaya da juyawa guda takwas "na zaɓi" yana rage dala da ake gani daga jimillar yayin da yake kashe daidaiton layi har abada.

Farashin raka'a suna da kwanciyar hankali isa a cikin shekaru biyu na takardu don zama ginshiƙi a kowace tattaunawa: injin SS-1500 stringer yana $60,000 a kowace takarda da ya bayyana; na'urar juyawa 90° tana $3,500 a 2022 da kuma a 2026; injin rubutun laser OLS-20A yana $20,000 gaba ɗaya. Lokacin da wata tayin gasa ta nuna ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ginshiƙan da rangwamen 40% daga kasuwa, fassarar gaskiya ba "mafi kyawun farashi" ba ce amma "wata ƙayyadaddun bayani ko wani aiki daban" — wanda shine ainihin binciken da jerin abubuwan dubawa a Sashe na 6 ke gudanarwa.

6. Kwatanta Masu Bayarwa: Binciken Aiki Bayan Kowace Da'awar "Ikon Daidai"

Kudin Turai na matakin 100–200 MW suna gudana €3–5M yayin da namu ke gudana ~$1.03–1.09M. Wasu daga cikin wannan bambancin kuɗin aiki ne da riba; yawancinsa iyaka ne, kuma bambance-bambancen iyaka suna wanzuwa cikin fassara zuwa kowane kwatancen mai bayarwa. Gudanar da kowane kuɗin masana'antar kera panel na hasken rana shawara da ka karɓa a kan waɗannan tambayoyi shida — kowannensu yana bin layin abu wanda a zahiri ya bambanta tsakanin takardunmu na 2024 da 2026, don haka bambance-bambancen gaskiya ne, ba hasashe ba:

Game da tambayar alamar kanta, ƙimar da PVknowhow ta wallafa ta cancanci ambato domin ta dace da abin da takardunmu suka nuna: bambancin kowace watt tsakanin kayan Jamus na ƙwarai da zaɓuɓɓuka masu rahusa kusan ba shi da komai, domin kayan da ake amfani da su ne suka mamaye kuɗin kowane module da layin zai taɓa samarwa. Ana cin nasarar yaƙin kuɗi a saye da amfani — wanda shine sashe na gaba.

7. Layukan Kasafin Kuɗi Shida da Takardar Kayan Aiki Ba Ta Iya Ɗauka — Jimillar Kuɗin Masana'antar Faifan Rana

Cikakken kuɗin masana'antar kera panel na hasken rana kiyasi yana tara ƙarin layuka shida a kan jimillar kayan aiki, kuma a cikin kowane bita na yiwuwar da na halarta, aƙalla biyu daga cikinsu ba su da isassun kuɗi. Cikakken kuɗin masana'antar faifan rana shi ne abin da mai ba da lamuni zai tambaye ka ka tabbatar, ba jimillar FOB ba. Lambobin da ke ƙasa sun fito daga wannan tarihin ƙididdiga: buƙatun gini da wutar lantarki daga sashen masana'anta na takardar 120 MW, ma'aikata daga shirin ma'aikata na 150 MW, da kayan aiki daga ƙididdigar BOM na Yuni 2025 don module na TOPCon mai 585 W.

Layin kayan aiki ya cancanci jumla ta kansa saboda shi ne ke kashe ayyukan: sel kawai su ne kashi 41.5% na kuɗin kowane panel ($23.10 daga $55.65 a kan BOM na 585 W — sel, sannan firam a $8.50, gilashi a $7.69, tsiri na solder, takardar baya, POE, EVA, akwatin haɗi, mai rufewa), kuma sharuɗɗan saye na masana'anta na shekara ta farko ba tare da tarihin girma ba suna da kusan 100% biya kafin aiki. Layin 120 MW da ke cin $55.65 na kayan aiki kowane panel a panel 32 a kowace awa yana buƙatar fiye da dala miliyan ɗaya na jarin aiki da ke yawo kafin ko da kuɗi ɗaya ya fita. Farashin kayan aiki shi ne ƙasan kasafin kuɗi; wannan tebur shi ne kasafin kuɗin.

Kuma layin haɓakawa shi ne dalilin da ya sa tambayar takt a Sashe na 6 ba ta ilimi ba ce. Ƙaddamarwa yana nufin layin yana aiki; ba yana nufin yawan amfanin da aka ƙididdige ba. Ma'aikata suna buƙatar watanni biyu zuwa uku, kayan aiki suna gudana a cikakken farashi a duk tsawon lokaci, kuma a cikin haɗin masu siyarwa da yawa inda mai yin igiya ya wuce mai laminating, rashin daidaituwa yana ƙone kayan aiki dare da rana. Ƙungiya ɗaya da ke mallakar takt na dukan layin — matsayin da Ooitech ke sayarwa, tare da injiniyoyi da ke zama har zuwa shigarwa da tallafin tsari na nesa na rayuwa a matsayin iyakar aiki na yau da kullum — ba fasalin ta'aziyya ba ne. Shi ne kawai abu a cikin dukan kasafin kuɗi da ke rage lokacin asara kai tsaye.

8. Cikakkun Jerin Kayan Aiki — Takardu Uku Masu Wakilci

Kowane layi da ke ƙasa yana bin diddigin fayil ɗin ƙididdiga. Fara da matakin da ya fi kusa da shirin ku; takardun gilashi na 20 MW da 120 MW an jera su layi-layi a cikin labarinmu na haɗin gwiwa kan jimillar kuɗin masana'anta.

60 MW atomatik — $641,500 (Yuni 2026) · SS-2500 stringer + laminator mai ɗaki ɗaya + injin firam ɗin duka-a-ɗaya

150 MW atomatik mai inganci — $1,712,500 (Fabrairu 2025) · ATW stringer + bussing atomatik + Gsolar Class A IV · abubuwa 45

600 MW cikakken atomatik — $4,336,000 (Maris 2026) · 4× ATW stringers + 2× double-layer laminators · abubuwa 63

9. Ka'idojin Kasuwanci na Yau da Kullum a Duk Matakan

Biya da bayarwa

• Duk farashin FOB Shanghai; ingancin farashi kusan wata ɗaya

• Biya: 30% ajiya ta TT, 70% kafin jigilar kaya; manyan layukan atomatik an tsara su 30/60/10 bisa ga PO, jigilar kaya da karɓa

• Lokacin samarwa: kwanaki 35–40 (rabin atomatik) · kwanaki aiki 60–70 (atomati)

• Garanti na kayan aiki da sharuɗɗan kayan maye ana ƙididdige su bisa ga kwangila; kayan da ake cinyewa da jerin kayan maye na bazuwar ana jigilar su tare da injinan

Shigarwa da horo

• Matakin rabin atomatik: tallafin shigarwa na nesa kyauta ga injiniyoyinku; ziyarar wuri na zaɓi $20,000 na kwanaki 14

• Matakan atomatik: shigarwa a wuri, horo da ƙaddamarwa an haɗa farashin su cikin takardar — $20k (30/60 MW), $30–35k (100–120 MW), $50–60k (150 MW+), kwanaki 30–40 tare da injiniyoyi 2–3

• Ƙarin lokacin injiniya fiye da lokacin da aka haɗa: kusan $200 kowane injiniya kowace rana da kuɗin tafiya da zama

• Tallafin tsari na nesa na tsawon rayuwa an haɗa shi a matsayin kewayon daidaitaccen aiki akan cikakkun layukan

10. Tambayoyi — Farashin Layin Samar da Faifan Rana

Nawa ne farashin layin samar da faifan rana a shekarar 2026?

Daga cikin ƙididdiga goma sha biyu na ainihi da ke sama: $169,100 don 5 MW mai rabin-atomatik, $307,600 don 20 MW, $641,500 don 60 MW atomatik, $1.03–1.09M don 100–120 MW, $1.71M don 150 MW mai matsayi mai girma, $2.54M don 300 MW da $4.34M don 600 MW cikakken atomatik — duk FOB Shanghai haɗe da girka. Ƙididdiga na Turai don wannan matakin 100–200 MW suna gudana €3–5M, galibi kan bambance-bambancen iyaka da aka rufe a Sashe na 6.

Wane mataki ne mai gina masana'anta na farko zai zaɓa?

Daidaita matakin da yarjejeniyar saye da aka kulla, ba buri ba. Ƙasa da $350k, layin 5–20 MW mai rabin-atomatik yana tabbatar da kasuwa da injina biyu da ke ɗaukar kashi 70% na kuɗin. Yankin $450k–1.1M (30–120 MW atomatik) shi ne inda yawancin sabbin masu shiga da gaske suka sauka — takardar da aka fi nazari ita ce 60 MW a $641,500, ƙaramin layin cikakken atomatik. Sama da $1.7M kana siyan yawan samarwa ga kowane ma'aikaci; ana tabbatar da shi ne kawai da yarjejeniyar saye da aka kulle da aiki na sa'o'i 24.

Shin kayan aiki ne babban ɓangare mafi girma na kuɗin gina masana'antar yin panel na hasken rana?

A'a — shi ne ƙasan. A kan jimillar FOB akwai kuɗin jigilar kaya da haraji, ginin (~1,000 m² da ~700 kW a 120 MW), ma'aikata 12–24 kowane shift, jarin aiki na kayan ($55.65 kowace panel 585 W a farashin Yuni 2025, wanda ake biya kusan 100% a gaba ga mai siye na shekara ta farko), takaddun shaida a €15–25k kowane ƙirar module, da asarar watanni 2–3 na haɓakawa. Sashe na 7 yana ba da farashin kowane layi.

Me ya sa layin 150 MW ya fi tsada kowace watt fiye da layin 120 MW?

Domin takardar 150 MW tana sayen wani nau'in inji daban: stringer mai sauri ATW na $380k a kan SS-2500 na $120k, injin bussing atomatik na $250k, da na'urar gwaji Gsolar Class A IV. Farashin kayan aiki kowace watt yana tashi daga ~$0.0086 zuwa $0.0114 — ƙarin kuɗin yana sayen yawan aiki kowane ma'aikaci da ingantaccen sarrafa tsari, wanda ke biya kawai a babban amfani.

Yaya zan kwatanta tayin biyu na ƙarfin "ɗaya"?

Duba iyakar aikin, ba jimillar ba: bussing atomatik ko na hannu, nau'in stringer (2,400 vs 6,800 cells/h), adadin kyamarar EL, tsarin firam ɗin haɗe ko tashoshi, an haɗa shigarwa, da wanda ya mallaki takt ɗin layi. Jerin bincike da matrix ɗin farashin rukunin inji a Sashe na 5–6 suna ba ka farashin tunani don yin hakan cikin minti goma.

Zan iya fara da rabin-atomatik sannan in haɓaka daga baya?

Ee, kuma ita ce hanya ta yau da kullum. Masu gwadawa suna ci gaba ba tare da canji ba; layin SS-1500 yana haɓaka ta hanyar ƙara stringers da matsawa zuwa lamination mai ɗaki biyu yayin da yawan samarwa ya ba da hujja. Abin da ba ya haɓaka da arha shi ne zauren da aka yi girman da bai isa ba — buƙatun 1,000 m² na takardar 120 MW, tazarar ginshiƙi na 6 m da 700 kW sun cancanci a gina su tun daga rana ta farko ko da don ƙaramin layi na farko.

Nassoshi na tayin da aka yi kwanan wata 2024–2026, an nuna su don tsari da ma'auni; tabbatar da takardar yanzu tare da Ooitech kafin yin kasafin kuɗi.