Gabatarwa

Ana ɗaukar na'urorin hasken rana na All-perovskite tandem a matsayin babban mai fafatawa ga fasahar photovoltaics na gaba saboda ingancinsu mai girma da kuma yuwuwar farashi mai rahusa. Duk da haka, kasuwanci mai girman yanki ya kasance yana da matsala sosai. Yayin da na'urori masu ƙarami sun riga sun wuce ingancin 30%, na'urori masu girman yanki (≥20 cm²) sun daɗe suna tsaye a kusan 24.5%. Babban abin da ke haifar da hakan shine ƙarfin sha na infrared mai ƙarfi da rashin kwanciyar hankali na zafi na tsarin Au/PEDOT:PSS a cikin mahaɗar tunnel recombination na al'ada (TRJs), tare da lalacewar jigilar caji a cikin filayen Pb-Sn perovskite masu girman yanki sakamakon rashin daidaituwa na crystallization yayin rufin ruwa.

Wannan binciken yana haɓaka TRJ da aka sarrafa ta hanyar magani wanda aka gina akan In₂O₃ nanocrystals da aka gyara saman. Ta hanyar daidaita yanayin nanocrystal da sinadarai na saman, ƙungiyar ta sami babban haske na gani, musaya masu santsi, da daidaita matakan makamashi. A lokaci guda, an gabatar da abubuwan ƙari na phosphonic-acid a cikin Pb-Sn perovskite precursor don inganta hulɗar lantarki tare da In₂O₃ recombination layer, haɓaka cirewa na rami, da daidaita crystallization kinetics don rage saura damuwa a cikin manyan filaye. Wannan dabarar haɗe-haɗe tana haɓaka ingancin sake haɗawa da cajin a haɗin gwiwa, cirewa na caji, da daidaiton babban filin fim, a ƙarshe tana ba da ingancin JET-certified 26.2% akan filin buɗe ido na 65 cm² (VOC = 2.182 V, FF = 77.4%, JSC = 15.6 mA cm⁻²) — wani muhimmin mataki a kan hanyar haɓaka duk-perovskite tandem photovoltaics.

Zane da Fa'idodin Sabon TRJ

Aikin yana ba da madadin da aka sarrafa ta hanyar magani: sabon TRJ (Nau'i na III) wanda aka gina daga indium oxide nanocrystals (In₂O₃ NCs) da aka gyara saman. An kwatanta shi da tsari na yau da kullun na Au/PEDOT:PSS Nau'i na I da tsari na Nau'i na II wanda ya dogara da ITO nanocrystals na kasuwanci.

Tsari da halayen musaya

In₂O₃ NCs da aka haɗa da kai suna da girman barbashi da yawa ƙanana fiye da ITO NCs na kasuwanci, suna samar da madaidaicin buried interface kuma suna rage yawan lahani na tuntuɓar. Gwaje-gwajen lantarki sun nuna tsarin Type III yana nuna halayen ohmic contact mai kyau ba tare da shingen jigilar caji ba.

Kwanciyar hankali na gani da zafi

Halin gani ya nuna cewa PEDOT:PSS a cikin Type I yana haifar da asarar sha mai tsanani, yayin da fim ɗin In₂O₃ NC yana da haske sosai. A ƙarƙashin 85°C accelerated thermal aging, ingancin Type I ya ragu zuwa ƙasa da rabin ƙimarsa na farko a cikin sa'o'i 50, yayin da NC-based Type II da Type III suka riƙe kusan 75% na ingancin farko bayan sa'o'i 200. A kan 10×10 cm² substrate, blade-coated NC films sun nuna madaidaicin sha na gani fiye da thin thermally evaporated Au films, yana nuna fa'idar nanocrystals da aka sarrafa ta hanyar bayani a cikin masana'anta mai girma.

Inganta Samar da Fim ɗin Perovskite Mai Girma

Tare da warware asarar gani da rashin kwanciyar hankali na TRJ, samar da fim ɗin Pb-Sn perovskite mai faɗi daidai ya zama matsala ta gaba ta fasaha. Tsarin ƙarfi na DMF/DMSO na yau da kullun yana da maki mai zafi da jinkirin canzawa, don haka motsin su na nucleation yana jinkiri yayin shafa ruwa mai sauri, yana sa ya yi wuya a samar da fim ɗin daidai a kan manyan abubuwa.

Don magance wannan, ƙungiyar ta haɓaka tsarin ƙarfi na binary wanda ya dogara da 2-methoxyethanol (2-Me) da tetrahydrofuran (THF). Tare da ƙaramin maki mai zafi da matsin tururi mai girma, wannan tsarin yana kaiwa ga matsanancin jikewa da sauri kuma yana hanzarta nucleation. Ta amfani da shi, an ɗaga saurin shafa ruwa na Pb-Sn perovskite daga 5 mm/s a cikin tsarin DMF na gargajiya har zuwa 30 mm/s, yana ba da haske mai daidaitacce (PL) da daidaiton na'ura mai kyau a kan 10×10 cm² da manyan abubuwa. Wannan ya yi nasarar warware ƙalubalen crystallization-kinetics na shafa ruwa mai faɗi kuma ya sami ingantaccen 17.5% na farko a kan filin buɗewa na 65 cm².

Gudanar da Ligand na Surface da Daidaita Matakin Makamashi

Bayan cire PEDOT:PSS, hasarar gani ta ragu, amma ƙarfin buɗe kewayawa (VOC) da ma'aunin cikawa (FF) sun ragu, wanda aka danganta ga ƙarin shingen jigilar kaya tsakanin saman da sake haɗuwa mara haske tsakanin perovskite da Layer NC. Don magance wannan, binciken ya aiwatar da dabarun haɗin kai biyu:

Injiniyan ligand na saman don daidaita matakan makamashi

Ta hanyar musayar ligand, an yi amfani da MMES da MMPA don gyara saman In₂O₃ NCs. UPS ya nuna cewa MMPA-gyaran In₂O₃ NCs suna samun madaidaicin lanƙwasa tsakanin saman da fim ɗin perovskite da aka yi niyya (lanƙwasa sama kusan 50 meV), yana haɓaka fitar da rami sosai, yayin da gyaran OAm ko MMES ya haifar da lanƙwasa ƙasa da shingen jigilar kaya. Gwajin SCLC ya kawar da duk wani tsangwama na ligand akan motsi da kansa, yana tabbatar da cewa ribar aikin ta samo asali ne daga daidaita matakin makamashi.

Doping mai yawa tare da kayan zaɓin rami na phosphonic-acid (HSM)

Ƙungiyar ta sanya phosphonic-acid HSMs kamar MeO-2PACz kai tsaye a cikin Pb-Sn perovskite precursor (an inganta shi a 0.2 mol%) maimakon iyakance su ga gyaran fuska. Wannan dabarar doping mai yawa tana guje wa matsalar rashin daidaiton SAM a kan manyan wurare. UPS ya nuna cewa bayan HSM doping, aikin perovskite ya canza daga 5.04 eV zuwa 4.81 eV, iyakar valence band ta tashi, kuma halin n-type ya raunana, yana daidaita matakan makamashi na In₂O₃ NCs. Sakamakon HTL-free single-junction Pb-Sn cell ya kai 23% inganci, yayin da na'urar da aka yi amfani da In₂O₃-MMPA NCs a matsayin hole transport layer (HTL) ta sami 24.0% reverse-scan inganci tare da JSC mai girma kamar 33.8 mA cm⁻².

Matsayi da yawa na HSM akan Fim ɗin Perovskite

Matsayin HSM ya wuce kawai jigilar caji — yana tasiri sosai ga crystallization na fim da kuma gyara lahani:

Sarrafa crystallization da kuma hana lahani

Binciken microscope na electron (SEM) ya nuna cewa bayan HSM doping, ƙazantattun dendritic da suka yanke iyakokin hatsi a cikin fim ɗin Pb-Sn sun ɓace, girman hatsi ya karu sosai, kuma iyakokin hatsi sun zama kamar an haɗa su. GIWAXS da XRD sun tabbatar da cewa HSM ya hana samuwar ƙazantar PbI₂ yadda ya kamata. ¹H NMR na ruwa ya kara bayyana cewa HSM, ta hanyar deprotonation na fifiko, yana cinye ƙungiyoyin phosphonic acid, don haka yana hana su deprotonation na FA⁺ cations da kuma daidaita sinadaran precursor.

Ingantattun motsin ɗaukar hoto

TAS ya nuna cewa sake haɗuwa mara haske da ke taimakon lahani ya ragu sosai bayan HSM doping. Ƙarfin PL na tsaye ya tashi sosai, matsakaicin tsawon rayuwar PL ya tashi daga 1042 ns zuwa 1889 ns, tare da kariya mai ƙarfi musamman a ƙasan mu'amala, yana rage kama caji a mu'amalar binne yadda ya kamata. Binciken OPTP ya nuna motsin ɗaukar hoto na fim ɗin manufa ya tashi daga 20 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ zuwa 36 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ kuma tsawon yaduwa ya girma daga 2.65 μm zuwa 4.78 μm, yana tabbatar da ingantaccen ingancin fim ɗin gaba ɗaya.

Aiki da Kwanciyar Module na Babban Yanki

Gina kan waɗannan dabarun haɗin gwiwa, ƙungiyar ta ƙera wani nau'in tandem module na all-perovskite mai girman buɗaɗɗen 65 cm² (sub-cells 14 a jeri). Module mai nasara ta amfani da Type III (In₂O₃-MMPA) TRJ ta kai ingancin gwajin lab na 26.6% (reverse scan), tare da VOC na 30.4 V, JSC na 1.12 mA cm⁻², da FF na 78.2%. Ingantaccen da JET ta tabbatar ya kai 26.2%, wanda ya fi na module mai sarrafawa ta amfani da Type I TRJ na yau da kullun (24.8%). Bayan inganta yankin matattu, geometric fill factor ya kai 96.5%, yana ba da ingancin yanki mai aiki daidai da 27.6%. Taswirar sararin samaniya ta EQE ta nuna cewa, a wurare 16 daban-daban, matsakaicin yawan halin yanzu na sub-cells na sama da ƙasa sun kai 16.3 da 16.2 mA cm⁻² bi da bi — sun yi daidai da sakamakon J-V kuma dukansu sun karya matsalar module na sub-15 mA cm⁻² da aka ruwaito a baya.

Dangane da amincin, bin ƙa'idar IEC 61215:2021, nau'in module na Type III da aka rufe ya kai tsawon rayuwar T90 (riƙe 90% na ingancin farko) na awanni 771 a ƙarƙashin ci gaba da bin diddigin 1-sun MPP, kuma har yanzu yana riƙe da ingancin 82.5% bayan awanni 1000. A gwajin zafi mai ɗanɗano na 85°C/85% RH (ISOS-D-3), nau'in module na Type III ya kai matsakaicin rayuwar T84 na awanni 1000, yayin da nau'in module na Type I ya riga ya faɗi ƙasa da ingancin 40%; a gwajin zagayowar zafi na -40°C zuwa 85°C (ISOS-T-3), nau'in module na Type III ya riƙe 93% na ingancin farko bayan zagayowar 200. Duk gwaje-gwajen tsufa da aka yi sun tabbatar da cewa kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na Type III ya samo asali ne daga kawar da gabaɗayan abubuwan rashin kwanciyar hankali da PEDOT:PSS ke haifarwa.

Ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar sake haɗa In₂O₃ nanocrystal da aka ƙera ta saman da kuma haɗin gwiwar HSM na bulk/interface, wannan aikin ya sami nasarar samun ingantaccen ingantaccen 26.2% na all-perovskite tandem solar module a kan filin 65 cm², yana ba da ci gaba mai zurfi a girman module, inganci, da kwanciyar hankali na aiki. Aikin yana nuna ƙarfin kasuwanci na all-perovskite tandem photovoltaic technology. Idan muka duba gaba, tura filin module sama da 800 cm² zai buƙaci haɗin gwiwar inganta hanyoyin ajiya kamar slot-die coating tare da hanyoyin kamar vacuum-assisted crystallization, don tabbatar da ingantaccen, daidaitaccen samar da manyan sub-cells masu faɗi da kunkuntar bandgap.

Kayan aikin Tunani da Gwaji

Gwajin MPPT na perovskite mai haɗaɗɗiya wanda ke amfani da na'urar kwaikwayo ta hasken rana ta A+AA+ a matsayin tushen tsufa yana ba da tallafi mai ƙarfi ga binciken kwayar halittar perovskite ta hanyar fasaha ta ci gaba da ƙira mai aiki da yawa. Irin waɗannan na'urori ana amfani da su ne musamman don gwajin kwanciyar hankali na ƙarshen perovskite guda ɗaya da sel tandem. Saboda halayen fitarwa na sel perovskite suna da sauƙin shafar abubuwan muhalli kamar haske da zafin jiki, madaidaicin madaidaicin wutar lantarki yana canzawa akai-akai. Mai sarrafa MPPT yana bin diddigin madaidaicin madaidaicin wutar lantarki a ainihin lokaci, yana tabbatar da tsarin yana aiki koyaushe a mafi kyawun fitarwa.

Tushen: Haɗin sake haɗawa da aka gyara ta hanyar nanocrystal don dukkanin tandem modules na perovskite

Ra'ayin Ooitech

Ooitech ta yi imani: haɗin mahaɗar nanocrystal In₂O₃ da aka gyara ta saman tare da injiniyan HSM bulk/interface sun tura manyan dukkanin tandem modules na perovskite zuwa ingantaccen inganci 26.2% da aka tabbatar, suna kawo wannan fasaha mataki mai mahimmanci kusa da kasuwanci.