26.2% Ingantaccen Nasara a Manyan Modul ɗin All-Perovskite Tandem: In₂O₃ Nanocrystal Tunnel Recombination Junction

Gabatarwa

Ana ɗaukar nau'ikan hasken rana na All-perovskite a matsayin babban mai fafatawa ga fasahar photovoltaics na gaba saboda ingancinsu mai girma da kuma yuwuwar farashi mai rahusa. Duk da haka, kasuwanci mai girman yanki ya kasance yana da matsala sosai. Yayin da na'urori masu ƙarami sun riga sun wuce ingancin 30%, na'urori masu girman yanki (≥20 cm²) sun daɗe suna kusa da 24.5%. Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da matsala sune ƙarfin sha na infrared mai ƙarfi da rashin kwanciyar hankali na zafi na tsarin Au/PEDOT:PSS a cikin mahaɗar tunnel recombination na al'ada (TRJs), tare da lalacewar jigilar caji a cikin filayen Pb-Sn perovskite masu girman yanki sakamakon rashin daidaituwa na crystallization yayin rufin ruwan wukake.

Wannan binciken yana haɓaka TRJ da aka sarrafa ta hanyar magani wanda aka gina akan In₂O₃ nanocrystals da aka gyara saman. Ta hanyar daidaita yanayin nanocrystal da sinadarai na saman, ƙungiyar ta sami babban haske na gani, madaidaitan mu'amala, da daidaitaccen matakin makamashi. A lokaci guda, an gabatar da abubuwan ƙari na phosphonic-acid a cikin Pb-Sn perovskite precursor don inganta sadarwar lantarki tare da In₂O₃ recombination layer, haɓaka fitar da ramuka, da daidaita crystallization kinetics don rage saura damuwa a cikin manyan filaye. Wannan dabarar haɗin gwiwa tana haɓaka ingancin sake haɗawa da cajin a haɗin gwiwa, fitar da cajin, da daidaiton babban filaye, a ƙarshe tana ba da ingancin JET-certified 26.2% akan filin buɗe ido na 65 cm² (VOC = 2.182 V, FF = 77.4%, JSC = 15.6 mA cm⁻²) — wani muhimmin ci gaba a kan hanyar haɓaka all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics.

Zane da Fa'idodin Sabon TRJ

Aikin yana ba da madadin da aka sarrafa ta hanyar magani: sabon TRJ (Nau'in III) wanda aka gina daga indium oxide nanocrystals (In₂O₃ NCs) da aka gyara saman. An kwatanta shi da tsari na yau da kullun na Au/PEDOT:PSS Nau'in I da tsari na Nau'in II wanda ya dogara da ITO nanocrystals na kasuwanci.

Tsari da halayen mu'amala

In₂O₃ NCs da aka haɗa da kai suna da girman barbashi da yawa fiye da ITO NCs na kasuwanci, suna samar da madaidaicin buried interface kuma suna rage yawan lahani na tuntuɓar. Gwaje-gwajen lantarki sun nuna tsarin Type III yana nuna halayen ohmic contact mai kyau ba tare da shingen jigilar caji ba.

Kwanciyar hankali na gani da zafi

Halin gani ya nuna cewa PEDOT:PSS a cikin Type I yana haifar da mummunar asarar shayarwa, yayin da fim ɗin In₂O₃ NC yana da haske sosai. A ƙarƙashin 85°C accelerated thermal aging, ingancin Type I module ya ragu zuwa ƙasa da rabin ƙimarsa na farko a cikin sa'o'i 50, yayin da NC-based Type II da Type III suka riƙe kusan 75% na ingancin farko bayan sa'o'i 200. A kan 10×10 cm² substrate, blade-coated NC films sun nuna shayarwar gani mai daidaituwa fiye da thin thermally evaporated Au films, yana nuna cikakken fa'idar nanocrystals da aka sarrafa ta hanyar bayani a cikin masana'anta mai girma.

Inganta Samar da Fim ɗin Perovskite Mai Girma

Tare da warware matsalar asarar haske da rashin kwanciyar hankali na TRJ, samar da fim ɗin Pb-Sn perovskite mai faɗi daidai ya zama matsala ta gaba. Tsarin DMF/DMSO na yau da kullun yana da maki tafasa mai girma da jinkirin ƙafewa, don haka motsin nucleation ɗinsu yana jinkiri yayin shafa ruwan wukake mai sauri, yana sa ya yi wuya a samar da fim ɗin daidai a kan manyan filaye.

Don magance wannan, ƙungiyar ta ƙirƙiri tsarin sauran ƙarfi na binary wanda ya dogara da 2-methoxyethanol (2-Me) da tetrahydrofuran (THF). Tare da ƙaramin maki tafasa da matsin tururi mai girma, wannan tsarin yana kaiwa ga matsanancin jikewa da sauri kuma yana hanzarta nucleation sosai. Yin amfani da shi, an ɗaga saurin shafa ruwan wukake na Pb-Sn perovskite daga 5 mm/s a tsarin DMF na yau da kullun har zuwa 30 mm/s, yana samar da haske mai daidaitacce (PL) da daidaiton na'ura mai kyau a kan filaye 10×10 cm² da mafi girma. Wannan ya yi nasarar warware ƙalubalen motsin crystallization na shafa ruwan wukake mai faɗi kuma ya sami ingantaccen 17.5% na farko a kan filin buɗe ido na 65 cm².

Injiniyan Ligand na Surface da Daidaita Matakan Makamashi

Bayan cire PEDOT:PSS, asarar gani ta ragu, amma ƙarfin buɗe kewayawa (VOC) da ma'aunin cika (FF) sun ragu, wanda aka danganta ga ƙarin shingen jigilar kaya tsakanin saman da sake haɗuwa mara radiyo tsakanin perovskite da Layer NC. Don magance wannan, binciken ya aiwatar da dabarun haɗin kai biyu:

Injiniyar ligand na saman don daidaita matakan makamashi

Ta hanyar musayar ligand, an yi amfani da MMES da MMPA don gyara saman In₂O₃ NCs. UPS ya nuna cewa MMPA-gyaran In₂O₃ NCs suna samun madaidaicin lanƙwasa tsakanin saman tare da fim ɗin perovskite da aka yi niyya (lanƙwasa sama kusan 50 meV), yana haɓaka fitar da rami sosai, yayin da gyaran OAm ko MMES ya haifar da lanƙwasa ƙasa da shingen jigilar kaya. Gwajin SCLC ya kawar da duk wani tsangwama na ligand akan motsi da kansa, yana tabbatar da cewa ribar aiki ta samo asali ne daga daidaita matakin makamashi.

Cika da yawa da kayan zaɓin rami na phosphonic-acid (HSM)

Ƙungiyar ta sanya phosphonic-acid HSMs kamar MeO-2PACz kai tsaye a cikin Pb-Sn perovskite precursor (an inganta shi a 0.2 mol%) maimakon iyakance su ga gyaran fuska. Wannan dabarar doping mai yawa tana guje wa matsalar rashin daidaiton SAM a kan manyan wurare. UPS ya nuna cewa bayan HSM doping, aikin perovskite ya canza daga 5.04 eV zuwa 4.81 eV, iyakar valence band ta tashi, kuma halin n-type ya raunana, yana daidaita matakan makamashi na In₂O₃ NCs. Sakamakon HTL-free single-junction Pb-Sn cell ya kai 23% inganci, yayin da na'urar da aka yi amfani da In₂O₃-MMPA NCs a matsayin hole transport layer (HTL) ta sami 24.0% reverse-scan inganci tare da JSC mai girma kamar 33.8 mA cm⁻².

Matsayi da yawa na HSM akan Fim ɗin Perovskite

Matsayin HSM ya wuce kawai jigilar caji - yana tasiri sosai ga crystallization na fim da kuma gyara lahani:

Sarrafa crystallization da kuma hana lahani

Binciken microscope na electron (SEM) ya nuna cewa bayan HSM doping, ƙazantattun dendritic da suka yanke iyakokin hatsi a cikin fim ɗin Pb-Sn sun ɓace, girman hatsi ya girma sosai, kuma iyakokin hatsi sun zama kamar an haɗa su. GIWAXS da XRD sun tabbatar da cewa HSM ta hana samuwar ƙazantar PbI₂ yadda ya kamata. ¹H NMR na ruwa ya ƙara bayyana cewa HSM, ta hanyar fifita deprotonation, tana cinye ƙungiyoyin phosphonic acid, don haka tana hana su deprotonate FA⁺ cations da kuma daidaita sinadaran precursor.

Ingantattun motsin ɗaukar hoto

Binciken spectroscopy na ɗaukar hoto na wucin gadi (TAS) ya nuna cewa sake haɗuwa mara haske da ke taimakon lahani ya ragu sosai bayan HSM doping. Ƙarfin PL na tsaye ya tashi sosai, matsakaicin tsawon rayuwar PL ya tashi daga 1042 ns zuwa 1889 ns, tare da kariya mai ƙarfi musamman a ƙasan mu'amala, yana rage kama caji a mu'amalar binne. Binciken OPTP ya nuna motsin ɗaukar hoto na fim ɗin manufa ya tashi daga 20 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ zuwa 36 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ kuma tsawon yaduwa ya girma daga 2.65 μm zuwa 4.78 μm, yana tabbatar da ingantaccen ingancin fim ɗin gaba ɗaya.

Aiki da Kwanciyar Hankali na Module Mai Girma

Gina kan waɗannan dabarun haɗin gwiwa, ƙungiyar ta ƙera wani nau'in tandem module na all-perovskite mai girman buɗaɗɗen fili 65 cm² (sub-cells 14 a jeri). Module mai nasara ta amfani da nau'in III (In₂O₃-MMPA) TRJ ta kai ingancin gwajin lab 26.6% (binciken juyawa), tare da VOC na 30.4 V, JSC na 1.12 mA cm⁻², da FF na 78.2%. Ingantaccen kwanciyar hankali da JET ta tabbatar ya kai 26.2%, wanda ya fi na module mai sarrafawa ta amfani da nau'in I TRJ na al'ada (24.8%). Bayan inganta yankin matattu, ma'aunin geometric fill factor ya kai 96.5%, yana ba da ingancin yanki mai aiki daidai da 27.6%. Taswirar sararin samaniya ta EQE ta nuna cewa, a wurare 16 daban-daban, matsakaicin yawan halin yanzu na sub-cells na sama da na ƙasa ya kai 16.3 da 16.2 mA cm⁻² bi da bi — sun dace da sakamakon J-V kuma dukansu sun karya matsalar module da aka ruwaito a baya na ƙasa da 15 mA cm⁻².

Dangane da aminci, bin ka'idar IEC 61215:2021, nau'in module na Type III da aka rufe ya kai tsawon rayuwar T90 (wanda ke riƙe da 90% na ingancin farko) na sa'o'i 771 a ƙarƙashin ci gaba da bin diddigin 1-sun MPP, kuma har yanzu yana riƙe da ingancin 82.5% bayan sa'o'i 1000. A gwajin zafi mai ɗanshi na 85°C/85% RH (ISOS-D-3), nau'in module na Type III ya kai matsakaicin rayuwar T84 na sa'o'i 1000, yayin da nau'in module na Type I ya riga ya faɗi ƙasa da ingancin 40%; a gwajin zagayowar zafi daga -40°C zuwa 85°C (ISOS-T-3), nau'in module na Type III ya riƙe 93% na ingancin farko bayan zagayowar 200. Duk gwaje-gwajen tsufa da aka yi sun tabbatar da cewa kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na Type III ya samo asali ne daga kawar da gaba ɗaya abubuwan rashin kwanciyar hankali da PEDOT:PSS ke haifarwa.

Ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar sake haɗa In₂O₃ nanocrystal da aka ƙera a saman da kuma haɗin gwiwar HSM na bulk/interface, wannan aikin ya sami nasarar samun ingantaccen ingantaccen 26.2% na all-perovskite tandem solar module a kan filin 65 cm², yana ba da ci gaba mai zurfi a girman module, inganci, da kwanciyar hankali na aiki. Aikin yana nuna ƙarfin kasuwanci na all-perovskite tandem photovoltaic technology. Idan muka duba gaba, tura filin module sama da 800 cm² zai buƙaci haɗin gwiwar inganta hanyoyin ajiya kamar slot-die coating tare da hanyoyin kamar vacuum-assisted crystallization, don tabbatar da ingantaccen, daidaitaccen samar da manyan sub-cells masu faɗi da kunkuntar bandgap.

Kayan aiki da Kayan Gwaji

Gwajin MPPT na perovskite mai haɗaɗɗiya wanda ke amfani da na'urar kwaikwayo ta hasken rana ta A+AA+ a matsayin tushen tsufa yana ba da goyon baya mai ƙarfi ga binciken tantanin hasken rana na perovskite ta hanyar fasaha ta ci gaba da ƙira mai aiki da yawa. Irin waɗannan na'urori ana amfani da su ne musamman don gwajin kwanciyar hankali na ƙarshen perovskite guda ɗaya da sel tandem. Saboda halayen fitarwa na sel perovskite suna da sauƙin shafa ta hanyar abubuwan muhalli kamar haske da zafin jiki, madaidaicin madaidaicin wutar lantarki yana canzawa akai-akai. Mai sarrafa MPPT yana bin diddigin madaidaicin madaidaicin wutar lantarki a ainihin lokaci, yana tabbatar da tsarin yana aiki koyaushe a mafi kyawun fitarwar wutar lantarki.

Tushen: Haɗaɗɗen sake haɗuwa da aka gyara ta hanyar nanocrystal don dukkan-perovskite tandem hasken rana

Ra'ayin Ooitech

Ooitech ta yi imani: haɗaɗɗen mahaɗar sake haɗuwa na In₂O₃ nanocrystal da aka yi a saman tare da injiniyan HSM bulk/interface sun tura manyan yankunan dukkan-perovskite tandem modules zuwa ingantaccen inganci 26.2%, wanda ya kawo wannan fasaha mataki mai mahimmanci kusa da kasuwanci.