Gabatarwar Samfur

Idan kun bi ci gaban wafers na photovoltaic, za ku san cewa tsawon gefen wafers na hasken rana ya girma daga 100mm zuwa 125mm, sannan zuwa 156mm, har zuwa 210mm na yau.

Muna iya gani a fili cewa yayin da masana'antar photovoltaic ta girma, girman wafer yana ƙara girma. To wane irin tasiri ne girman wafer mafi girma ke kawowa ga dukkan sarkar masana'antar PV? Kuma menene ainihin tushen waɗannan canje-canjen girma?

Tasiri akan Sarkar Masana'antar PV

1) Masu Kera Wafer

Manyan girman wafer suna taimaka wa kamfanonin wafer rage manyan farashi guda uku: kayan silicon, jan hankalin crystal, da yanka.

Babban kayan aiki don kera wafer (kamar tanderun crystal guda da injunan yanka) yawanci ana auna su da "batches a kowace awa" ko "yanka a kowace motsi na inji". Girman da ya fi girma yana nufin inji guda ko tanderu guda tana samar da wafers da yawa a kowace gudu. Misali, yankin wafer 210mm ya kai kusan sau 1.82 na na 156mm, don haka idan yawan yanka ya kasance iri ɗaya, yawan fitowar awa ɗaya na injin yanka guda zai iya ƙaruwa da fiye da 80%.

Farashi masu tsayayye kamar rage darajar kayan aiki, amfani da makamashi, da aiki ana rarraba su a kan babban yankin wafer, don haka farashin da ba na silicon ba a kowace wafer (kamar wutar lantarki da kayan) yana raguwa sosai. Bisa ga bayanan masana'antu, haɓaka daga 156mm zuwa 210mm na iya rage farashin da ba na silicon ba na matakin wafer da kusan 20%-30%.

2) Masu Kera Cell

Manyan wafers suna rage "asarar gefen" na cells, tunda girman yankin wafer ya fi girma, ragin yankunan gefen da ba su da amfani yana raguwa.

Gudun "layin" na samar da cell yana da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun (kamar lokacin zagayowar PECVD da bugu na allo), don haka girman da ya fi girma yana ƙara yawan fitar da cell na layin samarwa guda ɗaya daidai gwargwado, kuma yana rage farashin kayan amfani kamar man azurfa, manufa, da sauran kayan aiki a kowane cell. Misali, amfani da man azurfa na cell 210mm ya kai kusan sau 1.3 na cell 182mm, amma yankin ya fi girma sau 1.82, don haka farashin man azurfa a kowace watt yana raguwa da kusan 28%.

3) Masu Kera Module

Cells da aka yi daga manyan wafers suna tilasta girman module ya girma, wanda ke ba masu kera module damar rage farashin marufi da samun ƙarfin wutar lantarki mafi girma.

Babban farashin marufi na module shine kayan taimako kamar gilashi, fim ɗin rufewa, firam, da akwatunan haɗi, tare da farashin aiki da kayan aiki na matakai kamar haɗa igiyoyi da lamination. Girman da ya fi girma yana nufin an yi amfani da ƙarancin kayan taimako a kowace watt, kuma farashin aiki a kowace watt yana raguwa.

4) Masu Zuba Jari na Tashar Wutar Lantarki

Manyan kayayyaki na iya samar da ƙarfin wutar lantarki mafi girma (misali, kayayyakin 210R sun kai 600W+, kuma kayayyakin 700W+ da aka yi daga sel 210 sun riga sun fara samarwa da yawa), yana rage adadin kayayyaki, adadin kayan haɗi, da tsawon igiyoyin da tashar ke buƙata, wanda ke rage farashi ga masu saka hannun jari a tashoshin wutar lantarki.

Ci gaban girman wafers na ci gaba da haɓaka haɗin gwiwa na 'rage farashi da inganta aiki' ga masu kera wafers, gwajin sel, masu kera kayayyaki, masu saka hannun jari a tashoshin wutar lantarki, da sauran bangarori da yawa. Ta hanyar haɓaka girman samarwa da rage farashin kowane raka'a, ribar tana gangarowa zuwa ga masu amfani a ƙasa.

Ma'auni na Fasaha

Fa'idodin Fasaha

• Manyan wafers suna rage farashin siliki, jan igiyar crystal, da yankan a matakin masana'anta

• Na'urar yanka guda ɗaya na iya ƙara yawan abin da ake samarwa a cikin sa'a fiye da 80% lokacin motsawa daga 156mm zuwa 210mm

• Farashin da ba na siliki ba na matakin wafer zai iya raguwa da kusan 20%-30% yayin haɓakawa daga 156mm zuwa 210mm

• Rage asarar gefe da ƙarancin farashin manna azurfa a kowace watt (kusan 28% ƙasa don sel 210mm)

• Moduloli masu ƙarfin wuta mafi girma suna rage adadin moduloli, tsarin hawa, da tsayin kebul da ake buƙata

Aikace-aikacen Samfur

Tarihin Ci gaban Wafer na PV

Tun da wafers na photovoltaic asali sun fito daga kayan semiconductor guda ɗaya, masana'antar PV ta daɗe tana bin girman wafer na semiconductor na 6 inch da 8 inch (diameter), wanda yayi daidai da abin da ake kira wafer 5-inch (125mm) da wafer 6-inch (156mm) dangane da tsayin gefe.

Yayin da masana'antar PV ta girma kuma buƙatar wafers da sel ta ƙaru, kuma tare da ci gaban kayan aikin cirewa, yanka, da samar da sel na cikin gida, wafer 5-inch (125mm) a hankali ya fita daga sarkar PV. Bayan 2012, sai dai ɗaya ko biyu na masana'antun sel na musamman, wafer 125mm an kawar da shi daga kasuwa.

Wafers 156mm (girma na lu'ulu'u 8-inch) sun zama girman da aka fi amfani da shi. Bayan haka, masana'antar ta fara gwada ƙananan haɓaka a kan dandamalin girma na 8-inch. A ƙarshen 2013, kamfanoni biyar ciki har da Zhonghuan da Longi sun haɗu don fitar da ma'aunin wafer M1 (156.75-φ205mm) da M2 (156.75-φ210mm). Ba tare da canza girman module ba, M2 ya ɗaga yankin wafer (da 2.2%) kuma ya haɓaka ƙarfin module da fiye da 5W, da sauri ya zama babban masana'antar kuma ya tsaya tsayin daka na shekaru da yawa.

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, manyan masana'antun wafer sun yi amfani da haɓaka fasaha bisa tushen M1 da M2 don ci gaba da ɗaga tsawon gefen wafer zuwa 158.75, 161.7, 166mm da sauran girma. Fa'idar wafer 158.75mm ita ce duk ƙarfin ciki na yanzu za a iya haɓaka ta hanyar gyaran fasaha a farashi mai rahusa. Ko da ga tsofaffin masana'antar sel, farashin gyaran 1GW ya kasance a cikin iyakar karɓuwa.

Fa'idar wafer 166.00mm ita ce yankinta ya fi M2 girma da 12.22%, kuma modules na nau'in 72 da ke amfani da wannan wafer na iya kaiwa 420-430W. A lokaci guda, wannan girman ya kusa amma bai wuce iyakar ƙarfin kayan aikin da ake da su ba, don haka farashin gyara ya kasance mai iya sarrafawa.

Daga 156mm zuwa 166mm, duk masana'anta a wannan mataki suna ƙara girman wafer ta hanyar haɓaka fasaha akan dandamalin girma na 8-inch crystal.

A watan Agusta 2019, Zhonghuan ya yi tsalle ya fitar da G12 single-crystal wafer mai tsawon gefen 210mm, yana amfani da girman wafer na semiconductor kai tsaye zuwa PV. Manufar ita ce a sami tsalle a ƙarfin module da kuma ƙarin raguwar farashin masana'anta ta hanyar manyan wafers. Amma a wancan lokacin, 210 wafer ba shi da kusan goyon bayan masana'antu na sama ko ƙasa a cikin sarkar PV, kuma yawancin masana'antar sun yi shakka game da 210.

A cikin 2019, Trina da Zhonghuan, waɗanda suka fara amfani da 210 wafer, sun fitar da sabbin samfuran module na gaba. Dangane da 50-version na 210 wafer, mafi girman ƙarfin ya kai 500W, wanda kuma shine samfurin 500W na farko a masana'antar PV. An iyakance ta hanyar ƙayyadaddun gilashin PV na lokacin, ba za a iya yin module zuwa ginshiƙai 6 na sel ba kuma ana iya yin shi zuwa adadin ginshiƙai 5 marasa daidaituwa, kuma shimfidar ginshiƙai marasa daidaituwa yana nufin module dole ne ya yi amfani da ƙirar fly-wire. Hakanan an iyakance ta hanyar halin yanzu na inverter a lokacin, sel ba za su iya amfani da half-cut wanda ya zama ruwan dare a masana'antar ba, kuma ana iya yin su zuwa kashi uku.

Tare da fitowar wafer na gefen 210 na Zhonghuan da fa'idar cewa kayayyakin 210 zasu iya kaiwa wutar lantarki 500W+, a karshen shekarar 2019, shugabannin kayayyakin da Jinko, JA Solar, da Longi suka wakilta sun shiga cikin tunani mai zurfi. A gefe guda, wadannan kamfanoni suna son samfurin da zai magance tasirin kayayyakin 500W; a gefe guda, ba sa son yin kayayyakin da ke da ginshikai marasa daidaituwa da zane-zanen kashi uku.

Don haka wadannan kamfanoni uku ba su zabi 210 ba, kuma dukansu sun yi tunanin yin amfani da tsarin tantanin halitta na al'ada mai lamba 6 don cimma kayayyakin 500W+. A gaskiya, bayanan ukun ba su kasance iri daya ba a farko. Jinko da JA Solar sun kusan daidaita girman wafer na 180mm a karshen kwata na farko na 2020, yayin da Longi ya fara tantance girman 17X. Bayan sadarwa da tattaunawa, kamfanoni uku a karshe sun hada girman zuwa 182mm, kuma a watan Yuni 2020, shugabannin uku, tare da wasu masana'antu 7 a masana'antar, sun hada gwiwa suka fitar da wafer na M10 guda daya bisa ga bayanan 182mm.

Girman tantanin halitta na 183.75*182.2 da ake amfani da shi a yau ya dogara ne akan tushen fasaha na 182mm. Kamar yadda tsawon gefen 156mm na baya ya ci gaba da karuwa zuwa 158.75, yana kara girman tantanin halitta ta hanyar inganta fasaha ba tare da canza girman kayayyakin ba, yana inganta ingancin samar da wutar lantarki.

Hankalin wafer mai tsawon gefe 182 ya bambanta da gabatarwar tsalle-tsalle na tsawon gefe 210. An samar da 182 ta hanyar tunani mai juyawa bisa ga yanayin iyaka da masana'antar ke da shi. Babban yanayin iyaka shine tsayin kwandon jigilar kaya da faɗin tanderun gilashi. Waɗannan abubuwa biyu sun ƙayyade cewa iyakar girman module yana tsakanin 1133-1134mm, wanda hakan ya haifar da girman tantanin halitta 182mm don shimfidar tantanin halitta mai shafi 6.

A gefe guda, ƙarfin module 182 ya fi na module 210 na sigar 50 da ta gabata. Mafi mahimmanci, module 182 ya ci gaba da cikakken shimfidar tantanin halitta mai shafi 6 da fasahar tantanin halitta mai yanke 2, tare da ingantaccen aikin samfur da sarkar samar da kayayyaki mai girma. Ta hanyar tunanin masana'antar a lokacin, 210 ba za a iya yin shi cikin shimfidar tantanin halitta mai shafi 6 ba, saboda tanderun gilashi ba ta goyi bayan hakan ba kuma kwandon jigilar kaya bai goyi bayan hakan ba. Da alama 210 zai zama mafita mara nasara.

Duk da haka, Trina, jagoran sansanin 210, ta karya tunanin da aka kafa na yawancin masu aikin masana'antar kuma ta juyar da tsarin ƙira na gargajiya, ta hanzarta ƙaddamar da samfurin module 210 mai tantanin halitta 60 bisa shimfidar tantanin halitta mai shafi 6 da tantanin halitta mai yanke 2, tare da ƙarfin module har zuwa 600W (module mai girman 2172*1303).

Tunanin Trina shine: idan kwandon bai goyi bayan sanya gefe biyu na ginshiƙai 6 na 210 modules ba, to kawai a sanya modules a tsaye a cikin kwandon; idan tanderun gilashin bai goyi bayan ba, to a haɗa hannu da masana'antun gilashi don haɓaka layin samarwa; idan halin yanzu na 2-cut 210 cell ya yi yawa ga inverter, to a haɗa kai da masana'antun inverter don haɓaka sabon ƙarni na samfura. A rabin na biyu na 2020, Trina kuma ta jagoranci ƙungiyar masana'antu don kafa ƙungiyar masana'antu ta 600W+, da nufin cimma haɓaka haɗin gwiwa na dukan sarkar masana'antu ta 210.

Sigar 6-string na module 210 ta kai faɗin 1303mm kuma ana iya sanya shi a tsaye a cikin kwandon kawai. Sanya a tsaye ya haifar da wasu matsaloli a wasu yanayi, kuma abokan ciniki da yawa ba sa son wannan hanya. Fuskantar wannan matsala, a tsakiyar 2022, Trina ta ba da shawarar mafita ta rectangular wafer, ta ƙaddamar da 182mm210mm rectangular wafer. Module ɗin da aka gina akan rectangular wafer yana da faɗin 1134mm, daidai da faɗin module 182 na gargajiya, yayin da tsawon shine 238X. Sa'an nan a 2023, manyan kamfanoni 9 ciki har da Jinko, JA Solar, da Longi sun haɗu don fitar da girman module rectangular wafer, an tabbatar da shi a matsayin 23821134.

Don girman module 2382*1134, danna rubutun don duba labarin da ya gabata: Me yasa 2382*1134 shine girman zinare na modules?

A yau 2026, bayan shekaru da yawa na rigingimu game da girma, masana'antar PV a halin yanzu tana da manyan nau'ikan wafer guda uku: 183.75182.2mm, 210182.2mm, da 210210mm. Daga cikinsu, wafer 183.75182.2mm, a matsayin sigar ci-gaba ta jerin 182, yana da fa'idar iya aiki da ake da shi; module da aka yi daga wafer 210182.2mm ana kiransa girman zinare, yana da ƙarancin farashin sufuri a fitar da PV, kuma yana dacewa da layin samar da module na jerin 182; kason kasuwa na wafer 210210mm shima yana hawa a hankali.

Ra'ayin Ooitech

Ooitech ta yi imani: juyin halittar girman wafer PV daga 100mm zuwa 210mm shine ainihin haɗin gwiwa na haɓakawa a duk sarkar masana'antu, haɓaka raka'a samarwa don rage farashin raka'a da mika ribar ga ƙananan matakai.