TOPCon vs PERC LCA: The Only Environmental Trade-Off Is Silver
Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
Gabatarwar Samfur
TOPCon Ta Fi PERC Kusan Ko'ina, Sai Azurfa
A wani taron inganta layin samarwa na kwanan nan, tambaya ɗaya ta sake tashi: idan an canza layin PERC zuwa TOPCon, shin lissafin carbon yana da ma'ana da gaske?
Wani binciken zagayowar rayuwa na kwanan nan ya ba da amsa mai ƙididdigewa. A cewar Matsakaicin tanadin muhalli daga masana'antar silicon photovoltaics zuwa 2035, an buga a Nature Communications 17, 2311 (2026), DOI: 10.1038/s41467-026-69165-x, TOPCon yana aiki fiye da PERC a 15 daga cikin nau'ikan tasirin muhalli 16. Sawun carbon yana raguwa da kusan 6.5% per Wp, amma farashin shine karin 15.2% a amfani da albarkatun karfe, musamman saboda yawan amfani da azurfa daga manna azurfa mai gefe biyu.
A cikin harshen samarwa mai sauki: TOPCon ya fi PERC tsabta a yawancin alamomi, amma azurfa ita ce wurin daya har yanzu yana rasa.
Ginshiƙi mai daidaitawa a cikin Hoto 1 yana sa saƙon ya zama kai tsaye. Amfani da albarkatun karfe mai alaka da azurfa shine kawai abu mara kyau a bayyane, yayin da yawancin sauran alamomin muhalli suna inganta.
Ma'aunin Fasaha
Mahimman Lambobin LCA daga Tsarin Tushen
Halin da ake ciki a cikin binciken ya dogara ne akan na'urorin da aka kera a China, aka kai su Tsakiyar Turai, ta amfani da fasahar 2023. Lambobi da yawa suna da mahimmanci musamman ga masana'antun da masu saka hannun jari da ke kimanta haɓakar TOPCon.
| Alama | Sakamako / Binciken TOPCon | Kwatanta ko Ma'ana |
|---|---|---|
| Tasirin canjin yanayi | 0.40 kg CO₂-eq/Wp na kera a Turai, 0.73 na matsakaicin China, 0.95 na Indiya | TOPCon ya fi PERC ƙasa da kusan 6.5% a ƙarƙashin yanayi iri ɗaya |
| Amfani da albarkatun ƙarfe | TOPCon ya fi girma da 15.2% | Babban dalili shine manna azurfa mai gefe biyu; gefen baya na PERC yana amfani da Ag + Al |
| Sauran nau'ikan muhalli 14 | Gabaɗaya an rage su da 2-10% | Ya haɗa da eutrophication na ruwa mai daɗi, ƙwayoyin cuta, samuwar ozone photochemical, amfani da albarkatun burbushin da sauransu |
| Babban matakin kera | Matakin wafer ya mamaye alamomi 12 cikin 16 | Wutar lantarki na tsarkake siliki ita ce mafi girman tushen zafi |
| Gudunmawar wutar lantarki na wafer | 89.9% na jimlar tasirin yanayi na module | Ƙarfin carbon na wutar lantarki da ake amfani da shi a samar da polysilicon da wafer yana da mahimmanci |
| Gudunmawar metallization | 53% na tasirin albarkatun ƙarfe a matakin module | A cikin matakin cell, metallization yana ba da gudunmawar 98.3% na tasirin albarkatun ƙarfe |
Inda Kudin Muhalli Yake Fitowa
Hoto na 2 ya raba module na TOPCon zuwa matakan wafer, cell, module da sufuri. Sakamakon bai yi kyau ga duk wanda ke mai da hankali kan inganta layin cell ba: babban tushen zafi na muhalli ba shine tsarin cell na TOPCon kansa ba, amma matakin siliki da wafer na sama.
Wutar lantarki na tsarkake siliki tana da fiye da 85% na tasirin matakin wafer, kuma wutar lantarki na wafer tana ba da gudunmawa 89.9% na tasirin yanayin yanayin jimlar tsarin. A takaice, ko da passivation yana da kyau kuma amfani da paste an tura shi zuwa iyaka, sakamakon carbon na iya zama mara kyau idan an samar da polysilicon da wafer tare da wutar lantarki mai yawan kwal.
Matsala ɗaya tilo a cikin matakin tantanin halitta ita ce azurfa. Metallization yana ba da gudummawa 53% na ma'aunin albarkatun ƙarfe a matakin cikakken tsarin, kuma 98.3% a cikin matakin tantanin halitta. Wannan yana goyan bayan jagorancin rufin jan ƙarfe, rage busbar, haɓaka multi-busbar da fasahohin rage azurfa.
Fa'idodin Fasaha
Abin da TOPCon Yake Inganta A Haƙiƙa
Daga hangen LCA, fa'idar TOPCon ba labarin talla kawai ba ne game da inganci mafi girma. Ingantacciyar canjin inganci yana rage amfani da kayan aiki kowace watt kuma yana inganta yawancin alamomin muhalli idan an ƙididdige iyakar tsarin kowace Wp.
Ƙananan sawun carbon kowace watt: TOPCon yana rage tasirin canjin yanayi da kusan 6.5% idan aka kwatanta da PERC a ƙarƙashin zato iri ɗaya na masana'anta da isarwa.
Ingantacciyar aiki a yawancin nau'ikan tasiri: An inganta alamomin muhalli 15 daga cikin 16, wanda ke nufin fa'idar tana da fadi maimakon iyakance ga ma'aunin carbon guda daya.
Ajiye kayan aiki ta hanyar inganci: Ingantacciyar ingancin module yana rage gilashi, encapsulant, backsheet, frame da sauran nauyin kayan da suka shafi yanki a kowace watt.
Hanyar inganta tsari bayyananne: Matsalar azurfa tana tattare kuma ana iya aunawa, yana sauƙaƙa niyya tare da plating na jan karfe, bugu na layi mai kyau, zane na busbar da rage manna.
Dacewa mai karfi da rage carbon a nan gaba: Yayin da grid na wutar lantarki ke kara tsafta, sawun masana'anta na TOPCon zai iya raguwa sosai, musamman idan an haɗa samar da wafer da wutar lantarki mai ƙarancin carbon.
Matsalar Azurfa Ba Za a Iya Yi Watsi da Ita Ba
TOPCon's double-sided silver metallization yana ba shi hukunci mai aunawa a cikin amfani da albarkatun karfe. Wannan baya juya fa'idar LCA gabaɗaya, amma yana canza jerin fifiko ga injiniyoyin samarwa.
Ga TOPCon, rage amfani da azurfa ba batun farashi kawai ba ne. Hakanan matsala ce ta muhalli. Idan masana'antar tana son TOPCon ta ci gaba da jagorancin muhalli yayin da take haɓaka sosai, rage gram na azurfa a kowace watt ba zaɓi ba ne.
Aikace-aikacen Samfur
Wurin Masana'anta da Rage Carbon Grid Suna da Muhimmanci Fiye da Yadda Mutane da yawa Suke Tsammani
Binciken ya kwatanta Indiya, China, Amurka da Turai daga 2023 zuwa 2035, yana la'akari da manyan canje-canje guda biyu: ci gaban fasaha na ITRPV da rage carbon grid a ƙarƙashin yanayin farashi mara ƙarancin carbon na EIA.
Sakamako da yawa sun cancanci a tuna:
| Yanayi | Tasirin Yanayi / Ceto | Ma'anar Aiki |
|---|---|---|
| Masana'anta ta Turai 2023 | 0.40 kg CO₂-eq/Wp | Mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin yankunan da aka kwatanta a binciken |
| Matsakaicin China 2023 | 0.73 kg CO₂-eq/Wp | Sakamako na tsaka-tsaki, wanda ya shafi haɗin wutar lantarki sosai |
| Masana'anta ta Indiya 2023 | 0.95 kg CO₂-eq/Wp | Mafi girma a cikin yankunan tushe da aka jera |
| Ci gaban fasaha kawai zuwa 2035 | Matsakaicin raguwa kusan 0.10 kg/Wp | Inganta aiki, rage azurfa da ceton silicon na taimaka, amma ba su isa ba su kaɗai |
| Fasaha tare da rage carbon grid | 8.2 Gt yuwuwar rage CO₂-eq daga ɓangaren masana'antu nan da 2035 | Babban tanadi ya fito ne daga tsabtace wutar lantarki da zaɓin wurin masana'antu |
Yuwuwar tanadin 8.2 Gt yana da girma sosai, daidai da 13.9% na hayakin duniya na 2019. Mafi mahimmanci, yawancin wannan tanadi ya fito ne daga rage carbon na wutar lantarki, ba kawai canza tsarin tantanin halitta ba.
Bambance-bambancen Sub-Grid na iya zama mafi girma fiye da Lakabin Ƙasa
Muhimmin ƙarshe shine cewa “Made in China” kaɗai baya bayyana sawun carbon. A cikin China, idan aka kwatanta mafi girma da mafi ƙanƙanta sub-grids na carbon, hayakin masana'antar TOPCon na iya kasancewa daga 0.32 zuwa 0.58 kg CO₂-eq/Wp. Wannan yaduwa na iya zama mafi girma fiye da bambanci tsakanin matsakaicin China da misalin Turai.
Wannan yana nufin cewa wafer da aka ciro da wutar lantarki a Yunnan da wafer da aka ciro da wutar lantarki mai yawan kwal a Inner Mongolia bai kamata a dauke su a matsayin samfurin carbon iri daya ba. Ga masu siye, masu haɓakawa da masana'anta da ke yin lissafin carbon, tsarin wutar lantarki na yanki yana da mahimmanci fiye da sunan ƙasa a kan lakabin.
Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa kwal yana da tasiri mai kyau a cikin 12 daga cikin 16 alamomin masana'anta na TOPCon. Karin 5% a rabon kwal yana ƙara alamar yanayi da kusan 4.8%. Wutar lantarki ta ruwa tana rage dukkan alamomi 16, yayin da makamashin nukiliya yake ƙara nau'in radiation ionizing amma ya kasance daidai a yawancin sauran.
Wane Levers na Samarwa Ya Kamata a Kula da Shi Sosai?
Binciken hankali a cikin Hoto 8 ya raba levers na tsari da yawa kuma ya kwatanta su da tushe na 2023. Sakamakon yana da amfani ga yanke shawara na masana'anta na gaske saboda yana nuna waɗanne gyare-gyare ne masu ma'ana a matakin module kuma waɗanne ne kawai masu ban sha'awa a gida.
| Lever | Zato | Babban Tasiri | Sharhi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inganta inganci | PERC +12.6%, TOPCon +15.9% bisa ga tsarin ITRPV 2034 | Rage rabo mai yawa a cikin alamomi | Amfani da kayan da ke da alaƙa da yanki a kowace Wp yana raguwa yayin da inganci ya tashi |
| An rage amfani da azurfa zuwa 5 mg/W | Amfani da azurfa na TOPCon ya ragu da kusan 78% | Amfani da albarkatun ƙarfe ya ragu da kusan 41% | Yana da ƙarfi sosai ga tasirin albarkatun ƙarfe, amma yana da iyakacin tasiri a kan sauran nau'ikan |
| Wutar lantarki ta wafer an rage ta da 26% | An haɗa shi da siraran wafers da ƙarancin buƙatar makamashi | Tasirin yanayi ya ragu da fiye da 9.6% | Mafi ƙarfin lefa na gefen tsari saboda matakin wafer ya mamaye |
| Silane an rage ta da 14.4% | Ingantacciyar ICP-PECVD jigilar kaya | Kasa da 0.3% rage tasirin matakin module | Sinadarai na matakin cell ba su da mahimmanci saboda matakin cell yana da ƙarancin nauyi gabaɗaya |
Wani batu yana da sauƙin rasa: rage silane da kashi 14% yana da kyau, amma inganta muhalli a matakin module bai wuce kashi 0.3% ba. Dalili mai sauƙi ne. Matakin cell ba shine babban mai ba da gudummawa a cikin cikakken LCA na module ba. Ceton wutar lantarki na wafer yana da mahimmanci fiye da ceton ƙananan iskar gas na aiki.
Tuntuɓi Siyayya
Abubuwan da ake iya amfani da su don tsara layin TOPCon
Ga masana'antun da ke shirin haɓaka daga PERC zuwa TOPCon, wannan LCA tana aika sako bayyananne: TOPCon ya fi ƙarfin muhalli a yawancin nau'ikan, amma dole ne a kula da azurfa da wutar lantarki na wafer sosai.
Mafi mahimmancin abubuwan da za a ba da fifiko a bangaren samarwa sune:
Rage amfani da azurfa a kowace watt ta hanyar inganta manna, bugu mai laushi, ƙirar busbar da hanyoyin ƙarfe na madadin.
Kula da tushen wutar lantarki na wafer da polysilicon, ba kawai amfani da makamashi na layin cell ba.
Kula da haɗin wutar lantarki na grid a matsayin muhimmin canji na lissafin carbon, musamman a manyan ƙasashe masu masana'antu.
Ba da fifiko ga haɓaka inganci saboda yana rage amfani da kayan da suka shafi yanki a kowace watt.
Ka guji wuce gona da iri na fa'idar matakin module na ƙananan raguwar sinadarai a cikin tantanin halitta yayin da makamashin wafer na sama ya kasance mai rinjaye.
Ra'ayin Ooitech
A matsayinmu na mai samar da kayan aiki da ke aiki kusa da layin kera module, muna ganin haka: fa'idar muhalli ta TOPCon ba za a yanke shi da mataki ɗaya na tsarin tantanin halitta ba, amma ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar sarrafa inganci, amfani da azurfa da makamashin wafer na sama. Don haɓaka masana'anta, tambaya mai amfani ba ita ce kawai "PERC ko TOPCon" ba, amma ko an tsara sabon layin da ƙarancin amfani da azurfa, inganci mai tsayi mai tsayi da bayanan carbon na sarkar samarwa daga farko. Wannan shine inda tsara kayan aiki da horo na tsari suka zama wani ɓangare na dabarun carbon, ba kawai wani ɓangare na faɗaɗa iya aiki ba.
