Yadda Mataki Daya na Laser Ya Tilasta Dukan Silver Paste na Gaba Ya Canza Jininsa
Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
Gabatarwa
Kafin 2024, TOPCon gaban azurfa manna ya kasance kusan duk aluminum-doped. Aluminum ya taimaka wajen ƙone ta dielectric layers, ya taimaka wajen rage contact resistance, kuma kowa yana amfani da shi lafiya. Sai LECO ya bayyana kuma dukan hoton ya juya. Aluminum-free azurfa manna ya ɗauki jagorancin kusan dare ɗaya, kuma aluminum-doped manna ya faɗi zuwa matsayin tallafi. Bayan haka, kowa ya zurfafa kan hanyar aluminum-free, yana niƙa kan paste formulas, molecular design, da process synergy.
Don haka me yasa tsarin laser ɗaya zai iya girgiza azurfa manna formula haka? A kan layi, mutane da yawa sun san cewa ya faru, amma ba dalili ba. Fahimtar wannan, kuma a zahiri kun fahimci TOPCon gaban sintering.
TOPCon gaban metallization yana motsawa daga "kayan aiki ya mamaye lamba" zuwa "kayan aiki, laser, emitter da yatsu suna raba aikin."
Fara Daga Tsarin Gaba
Ɗauki tsarin TOPCon na yau da kullun. Gaban gefen yawanci shi ne yawan dielectric film stack, misali SiOx, SiNx, AlOx. Wasu hanyoyin kuma suna kawo aikin layukan kamar SiOxNy, kuma ainihin stack ya bambanta da mai ƙirƙira. A ƙasa duk wannan akwai boron-diffused emitter, tare da zurfin junction na yau da kullun na 0.8 zuwa 1 micron kawai.
Gilashin frit a cikin azurfa manna dole ne ya "ci" ta cikin waɗannan dielectric films daya bayan daya a cikin ƴan dakiku na sintering, don haka zai iya samun tushe a saman emitter. Fina-finai da yawa, ƙofofi da yawa. Kowane Layer yana da daban-daban abun ciki, kauri da yawa. Ga gilashin frit waɗannan su ne faranti daban-daban da yawa, kuma kowanne yana buƙatar nasa zafi. Wannan shine dalilin tsarin da TOPCon gaban sintering taga ya kasance a dabi'ance kunkuntar: ba ka sintering fim ɗaya ba, kana sintering da yawa.
Aluminum-Doped Era: Aluminum Takobi Ne Mai Kaifi Biyu
Yaya azurfa paste ke haɗawa da silicon a zahiri? Kamar haka. Gilashin frit yana narke kuma yana buɗe dielectric films a layi-layi. Bayan 650°C, azurfa ta fara narkewa cikin gilashin da ya narke. A shekarar 2016 NREL da SLAC sun yi fim ɗin kai tsaye tare da in-situ X-ray: a 700°C, cikin daƙiƙa 10 kawai, kashi 70% na azurfa ta narke cikin gilashin. Ƙwayoyin azurfa da suka narke suna bin gilashin zuwa saman emitter, suna amsawa da silicon a cikin oxidation-reduction reaction, kuma suna sake yin precipitate a matsayin azurfa metallic, suna girma zuwa layuka na "silver spikes." Lokacin sanyaya, azurfa crystallites na ƴan nanometers suna yin precipitate a cikin gilashin, suna samar da hanyoyin gudanarwa waɗanda ke ɗaukar wutar lantarki.
A taƙaice: front sintering shine barin azurfa ta yi tafiya ta cikin gilashin, kuma ta sami tushe a cikin emitter.
A cikin wannan tsari, aikin aluminum yana da gaske. Yana taimakawa wajen ƙone ta cikin dielectric layers, kuma yana danne contact resistance. Amma aluminum kuma yana shuka nakiyoyi. Zurfin boron emitter junction yana da 0.8 zuwa 1 micron kawai. Silver spikes suna buƙatar shiga zurfi don samar da low-resistance contact, amma ba dole su huda p-n junction ba. Aluminum yana canza glass phase reaction, interface etching, da kuma metal precipitation behavior. A ƙarƙashin wasu tsarin aiki, yawan shigar aluminum na iya ɗaga haɗarin contact over-firing da kuma lalacewar emitter. Kuma bashin aluminum ba wannan asusun passivation ɗaya kaɗai ba. A ƙarƙashin high-temperature sintering, metal fingers suna faɗuwa da yaduwa. Bayan firing, fingers suna zama masu faɗi da gajeru, shading area na girma, kuma optical loss yana ƙaruwa da shi. A zamanin aluminum-doped, waɗannan su ne littattafan biyu marasa kyau: interface yana cutar da aluminum, kuma fingers suna ƙone da wuta.
Layi ɗaya: zamanin aluminum-doped ya sayar da ƙarfin aluminum don contact, kuma ya biya lissafin da passivation da optics.
Da LECO Ya Shigo, Sama Ya Canja
LECO (Laser Enhanced Contact Optimizing) an fara gabatar da shi a 2016 ta Cell Engineering. Ya shiga TOPCon mass production a 2023-2024, kuma yanzu shi ne daidaitaccen tsarin masana'antu. Ma'anarsa ba "ƙarin matakin laser ɗaya" ba. Ma'anarsa ita ce yana sake rarraba tsarin samuwar lamba ta gaba. A karon farko, shirin samar da lamba an ɗauke shi daga hannun manna kuma an ba da shi ga laser, wanda ke yin ingantaccen aiki na gida a wurin sadarwa don "kunna" lambar. Aikin da aluminum ke yi, laser kuma zai iya yi, kuma yana yin shi daidai, ba tare da cutar da passivation ba.
Cire aluminum, kuma babban haɗari na gaba, aluminum punch-through yana lalata boron emitter passivation, ya ɓace daga tushe. Wannan shine abin da masana'antar ke kira "babban tsalle": kai tsaye daga aluminum-doped azurfa manna zuwa aluminum-free azurfa manna, ba tare da wani yanayi na canji ba a tsakanin.
Ga layin da mutane suka fi sauƙi fahimta ba daidai ba: aluminum-free azurfa manna ba kawai "share aluminum" ba ne. Cire aluminum, kuma aikin ƙonewa ta cikin dielectric layers ya faɗi gaba ɗaya a kan glass frit, yayin da samuwar lamba ta faɗi a kan LECO. Girman glass, siffar azurfa foda, da kuma taga zafin sintering na aluminum-free manna duk dole ne a sake tsara su. Cire aluminum yana raba tsohuwar matsala guda ɗaya zuwa sabbin matsaloli biyu, sannan ya warware su ɗaya bayan ɗaya.
Bayan Ba Aluminum-Free, Yaƙin Ya Koma Kan "Ƙwarewar Ciki"
Aluminum-free silver paste ba ƙarshen hanya ba ce, ita ce farkon hanya. A cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata, kowa yana tacewa a hanyar aluminum-free, yana niƙa a kan "ƙwarewar ciki" na paste ɗin. A wannan watan Agusta, ƙungiyar Ye Jichun a Cibiyar Kayayyakin Ningbo, tare da JA Solar da Zhejiang Guangda Electronics, sun buga aikin 26.31% front metallization a cikin Matter. Wannan shine sabon abin nunin wannan guguwar ƙwarewar ciki.
26.31%-efficiency TOPCon solar cells enabled by synergistic metallization with reduced optical shading and contact resistance losses, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2026.102965
Idan ka buɗe shi, ya yi abubuwa biyu waɗanda babu wanda zai yi tunanin su a zamanin aluminum.
Na farko, ya sa silver paste ɗin ya zama "conformal." Daga farko daga tsarin rushewa da sake ginawa na polymer thixotropic network a cikin manna, sun sake tsara tsarin kwayoyin halitta na polymer network da kuma intermolecular hydrogen bond network, don haka manna ya 'tsaya' bayan an buga shi. Girman yatsa da aka buga ya kai 55%, don haka yatsu suna da tsayi kuma suna da kunkuntar. Kada ku raina wannan lambar. Abin da high-temperature sintering ya fi tsoro shine yatsa ya faɗi da yadawa. Girman 55% yana nufin shading ya faɗi sosai, kuma an ajiye babban ɓangaren asarar gani. Wannan shine 'ƙarfin wayo' a matakin manna, ba ƙarfin aluminum ba, amma ƙirar rheology.
Na biyu, ya sanya lamba ta kasance 'a wuri ɗaya.' Tsarin LECO na musamman da suka yi yana amfani da reverse bias a kan tantanin halitta yayin da laser mai mitar guda ɗaya ke ci gaba da duba yatsun gaba. Carrier injection yana haifar da zafi na gida na Joule, yana samar da hemispherical Pb-Ag/Si alloy lamba a kafadar dala. Lura da kalmomi uku masu mahimmanci: ƙarancin shiga, ƙarancin juriya, wurare daban-daban. Amsar lamba tsakanin ƙarfe da semiconductor an taƙaita shi zuwa ƙananan wurare, maimakon dukan saman da ake 'ƙonewa' kamar a cikin sintering na gargajiya. Lalacewar da aluminum ke haifarwa ta ɓace, kuma asarar sake haɗuwa da ƙarfe ke haifarwa ta ragu sosai.
Sakamakon Cibiyar Ningbo: 26.31% ingancin da aka tabbatar daga wani bangare na uku, yawan gajeren kewayawa 41.98 mA/cm², wanda ya kafa rikodin da aka tabbatar don Jsc na manyan sel TOPCon. Wannan karuwar Jsc ba ta samo asali daga ƙarfin sintering da ke "ƙone" lamba ba, amma daga "ceton" asarar a ƙarshen biyu lokaci guda, inuwar yatsa da sake haɗuwa a wurin mu'amala.
Gaban Ba Ya Kasance Filin Yaƙin Paste Kadai Ba
Ɗauki wannan Nature Energy 26.66% aiki sake. Mutane da yawa suna kallon poly-Si mai nau'i biyu a bayansa kawai, amma gabansa ma ana yanka shi, kuma ma'anar ita ce kamar Matter aiki.
A gaba, juriyar takardar boron emitter an ɗaga shi daga 215 Ω/sq na yau da kullun zuwa 430 Ω/sq. Ƙarin juriyar saman yana nufin ingantacciyar kariya (tsawon rayuwar masu ɗaukar ƙananan ƙarfi ya tashi daga 0.70 ms zuwa 1.12 ms, yawan ƙarfin duhu ya ragu daga 9 zuwa 5 fA/cm²), amma saduwa ta zama da wahala a yi. Maganin yana tafiya a kan ƙafafu biyu. Yatsun sun rage daga 20 μm zuwa 10 μm, kuma tazarar ta ƙara tsananta daga 1120 μm zuwa 825 μm, ta amfani da yatsu masu yawa da ƙanana don rama asarar jigilar gefe na babban juriyar saman, da kuma rage amfani da azurfa a kowace yanki da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku a hanya. Ɗayan ƙafar tana dogara da tsarin kunna saduwa don tallafawa, magance matsalar saduwa mai babban juriya a matakin ƙarfe.
Abin da ya fi ban sha'awa shi ne sanya ayyukan biyu tare. Ƙungiya ɗaya. Nature Energy "yana toshe azurfa" a baya, Matter "yana cire aluminum" a gaba. Ɗaya a gaba, ɗaya a baya, dukansu "ragi a cikin ƙarfe." Tsarin zamanin aluminum na "musanya ƙarfi don saduwa, biya da kariya" ana kawar da shi cikin tsari, wanda aka maye gurbinsu da: wayo mai wayo, laser mai wuri, yatsu masu kyau, kariya mai kauri.
Yaƙin Na Gaba: Yi Amfani da Ƙarancin Azurfa
Rashin aluminum ya warware matsalar "lalacewar passivation," amma mataki na gaba na rage farashi da haɓaka inganci shine "rage yawan azurfa."
Idan manna azurfa maras aluminum ya warware "yadda ake tuntuɓa ba tare da cutar da passivation ba," to manna azurfa mai rufe jan ƙarfe, manna mai ƙarancin azurfa, har ma da ƙarfe na jan ƙarfe mai tsafta suna magance mataki na gaba: yadda ake amfani da ƙarancin azurfa.
DK Electronic ya ƙirƙira hanyar ƙarfe mai ƙarancin azurfa bisa jan ƙarfe, kuma ya yi aiki tare da manyan abokan ciniki don zama na farko don kaiwa ga samarwa da yawa akan sel TOPCon. JinkoSolar yana magance manna jan ƙarfe mai tsafta da manna nickel da sauran manna masu gudanar da ƙarfe na asali. Hanyar ACM metallization ta LONGi an riga an sanya ta akan allo.
A cikin 2026, barin azurfa ya canza daga "hanyar bincike" zuwa "gasar masana'antu."
Manna azurfa maras aluminum ya warware "yadda ba za a cutar da passivation ba," manna mai yawan jan ƙarfe / jan ƙarfe mai tsafta dole ne ya warware "yadda ake amfani da ƙarancin azurfa." Yaƙin na gaba ya riga ya fara.
Layuka Uku Don Komawa Da Su Zuwa Layin
Na farko, rashin aluminum ba game da rage ƙoƙari ba ne, game da canza salon wasa ne. Daga "aluminum yana ƙonewa dominka" zuwa "formula tare da laser synergy." Fahimtar wannan, kuma za ka san dalilin da ya sa taga tsari har yanzu yana da kunkuntar, domin yanzu ƙonewa da tuntuɓar su ne hanyoyi biyu masu zaman kansu da ke aiki, suna buƙatar haɗin kai mai tsauri.
Na biyu, kafin ka daidaita taga sintering na gaba, da farko gano nawa fina-finai suke a gabanka da kuma abin da kowannensu yake. Lokutan "ƙonewa" na tarin daban-daban suna ƙaruwa. Kada ka kalli kololuwar lanƙwasa na furnace kawai, ka kalli band din zafin jiki da lokacin amsawa da ya dace da kowane fim.
Na uku, littattafan uku na ingancin gaba yanzu ana ƙidaya su daban. Yatsu suna sarrafa inuwa (rabo na fuska shine mabuɗin), paste tare da LECO suna sarrafa tuntuɓar, juriya na sheet tare da fina-finai na passivation suna sarrafa sake haɗuwa. Duk littafin da bai daidaita ba shine inda inganci ya makale. A nan gaba, za a ƙara abu na huɗu a wannan littafin: abun ciki na azurfa.
Ra'ayin Ooitech
Abin da ya ba mu mamaki yayin kallon wannan sauyi shi ne cewa wasan gaba ba ya ƙara zama game da abu ɗaya na jarumi da ke ɗaukar dukan hulɗar. LECO, ƙananan yatsu, mafi girman juriya na takarda da kauri mai kauri yanzu sun raba aikin, kuma hakan yana canza yadda layin module zai yi tunani game da abubuwan shigar da sel na sama da ƙananan igiyoyi na ƙasa. A gefenmu na gina layukan samar da module na turnkey, girman fuska da faɗin yatsu kamar 10 μm da 55% a nan kai tsaye suna shafar yadda ake saita tabber-stringer da haɗin kai, don haka yanayin ƙarfe na sel ba kawai damar mai yin sel ba. Ina sha'awar jin daga injiniyoyin layi abin da ke fara karyewa da gaske lokacin da kuka tura waɗannan tagogi. Idan kuna son ƙarin abun ciki na masana'antar hasken rana mai amfani, tashar YouTube ɗinmu www.youtube.com/ooitech tana da daraja a bi.
