PERC vs TOPCon vs HJT vs BC: Me yasa Tantanin Rana suka Bambanta Sosai a Farashi da Ingantacciyar Aiki
Tambayar Mahimmanci ta Wannan Fitowa
Daga P-type zuwa N-type, daga PERC zuwa TOPCon, HJT da BC, menene waɗannan haruffa suke nufi? Wadanne matsaloli daban-daban suke magancewa, kuma menene ƙwararrun sarkar samarwa ya kamata su duba lokacin zabar su?
Mai samar da A ya ce: "TOPCon module ɗin mu ya kai ingancin 22.5%, maki ɗaya sama da PERC." Mai samar da B ya ce: "HJT module ɗin mu yana da mafi kyawun coefficient na zafin jiki kuma yana samar da ƙarin wutar lantarki a yanayin zafi." Mai samar da C ya ce: "BC module ɗin mu ba shi da gridlines a gaba, yana da tsabta kuma ya dace da ayyukan rarraba."
To ta yaya za ku kwatanta su? Idan kawai kuna kallon farashi da ingancin da aka ƙididdige, za ku rasa abubuwan da suke da mahimmanci:
Hanyoyin fasaha daban-daban suna da yawan samarwa daban-daban, wanda ke shafar kwanciyar hankali na bayarwa.
Amfani da man azurfa ya bambanta (HJT ya fi girma), wanda ke shafar yanayin farashi da haɗarin samarwa.
Hanyoyin lalacewa sun bambanta (P-type yana da LID, N-type yana da LeTID), wanda ke shafar da'awar garanti.
Yanayin zafin aiki ya bambanta (HJT tsari ne mai ƙarancin zafin jiki), wanda ke shafar kayan aiki, matakan saka hannun jari da yanayin masu samarwa gaba ɗaya.
Wannan fitowar tana taimaka muku gina cikakken tsari don kwatanta hanyoyin fasaha.
Fahimtar shi a cikin jimla ɗaya
PERC shine kololuwar fasahar P-type (passivation na baya), TOPCon shine babbar hanyar samar da N-type (passivation na tuntuɓar), HJT shine hanyar aiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarancin zafin jiki (passivation na haɗin heterojunction), kuma BC tana matsar da na'urorin lantarki zuwa baya a matsayin mafita na ado. Suna magance matsala ɗaya ta fuskoki daban-daban: rage asarar inganci.
Misali Mai Sauƙi
Asarar ingancin tantanin rana kamar gida mai hawa biyar ne wanda ruwa ke zubowa a kowane bene:
Zubewar bene na farko (asarar sha): haske yana wucewa kai tsaye ba a sha ba.
Zubewar bene na biyu (asarar zafi): ƙarin makamashin photons masu ƙarfi yana zama zafi.
Zubewar bene na uku (asarar sake haɗuwa): electrons da ramuka suna sake haɗuwa kafin a raba su.
Zubewar bene na huɗu (asarar juriya): wutar lantarki ta haɗu da juriya a cikin tantanin da na'urorin lantarki kuma ta zama zafi.
Zubewar bene na biyar (asarar inuwa): na'urorin lantarki na gaba suna toshe wani ɓangare na hasken rana.
PERC galibi yana gyara bene na uku (haɗuwa ta baya). TOPCon galibi yana gyara ɓangaren haɗuwa na bene na uku (haɗuwar lamba). HJT kusan ya gyara bene na uku gaba ɗaya (haɗuwar fuska). BC galibi yana gyara bene na biyar (matsar da lantarki zuwa baya don kawar da inuwa).
Bayanan sarkar samarwa: hanyoyi daban-daban suna gyara benaye daban-daban, amma farashi da wahalar gyara kowane bene sun bambanta. Abin da kuka zaɓa ba lambar inganci kawai ba ne, amma musayar 'inda za a saka hannun jari, nawa asara za ku iya ceto, da kuma farashin da kuke biya.'
Ka'idodin Ƙwararru
P-type vs N-type: zaɓin substrate
| Abu | Wafer P-type | Wafer N-type |
|---|---|---|
| Doping | Boron | Phosphorus |
| Mafi yawan masu ɗauka | Ramuka | Electrons |
| Lalacewar LID | Mafi bayyane (haɗuwar boron-oxygen) | Ƙasa |
| Hankalin ƙazanta | Mafi girma | Ƙananan (mafi girman rayuwar mai ɗaukar ƙananan rabo) |
| Fasaha mai wakilci | PERC | TOPCon, HJT, wasu BC |
Hanyar: N-type yana maye gurbin P-type a matsayin babban, saboda rayuwar mai ɗaukar ƙananan rabo na N-type wafers ya fi girma (electrons suna rayuwa "tsawon"), kuma tare da ƙarin ci-gaba passivation zai iya kaiwa ga mafi girman inganci.
PERC: ƙara fim ɗin kariya a baya
PERC yana nufin Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell. A bayan tantanin P-type na gargajiya yana ƙara:
Wani Layer na Al2O3 (aluminum oxide) passivation don rage sake haɗuwa a baya.
Wani Layer na SiNx (silicon nitride) kariya don ƙara haske a baya, yana mayar da photons da ba a sha ba don samun damar sha na biyu.
Babban asarar da aka magance: sake haɗuwa a baya da kuma asarar watsawa a baya.
Abubuwan sarkar samarwa: fasaha mafi girma, sarkar samarwa mafi cikakku, farashi mafi ƙanƙanta, amma iyakar inganci kusan 23.5%. Ita ce mafi girman tushen shigar, tare da mafi sauƙin kayan gyara da maye gurbin.
TOPCon: ƙofa ta sadarwa daidai
TOPCon na nufin Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact. Babban tsari: a bayan wafer na N-type, ana yin wani siririn oxide Layer (SiO2, kimanin 1-2nm), sannan a rufe shi da wani doped polysilicon Layer.
Layer na oxide yana aiki kamar kofa, yana toshe masu ɗaukar kaya marasa rinjaye (ramuka) daga sake haɗuwa yayin da yake barin masu ɗaukar kaya masu rinjaye (electrons) su bi ta (wannan shine "tunneling").
Layer na doped polysilicon yana ba da kyakkyawar hulɗar lantarki kuma yana rage juriyar hulɗa.
Babban asarar da aka magance: sake haɗuwa a yankin hulɗar ƙarfe da juriyar hulɗa.
Abubuwan samar da sarkar: sun dace sosai da layukan PERC (ana iya haɓakawa) kuma a halin yanzu ita ce babbar hanyar samar da N-type. Kula da amfani da man azurfa, yawan aikin Layer oxide da bayanan lalacewa.
HJT: yadudduka biyu na kariya suna rufe wafer
HJT na nufin Heterojunction Technology. Tsari: a bangarorin biyu na wafer crystalline N-type, ana sanya wani Layer na intrinsic amorphous silicon (i-a-Si:H) a matsayin passivation, sannan a rufe shi da wani doped amorphous silicon Layer, kuma a ƙarshe wani transparent conductive oxide (TCO).
"Hetero" na nufin siliki mai kristal da siliki mara tsari sune abubuwa biyu daban na semiconductor.
Yadudduka biyu na i-a-Si:H suna ba da kariya mai kyau ta saman.
Dukkan tsari ana kammala shi a ƙananan zafin jiki (<200°C, yayin da PERC/TOPCon ke buƙatar 800°C+).
Babban asarar da aka magance: sake haɗuwa ta saman da kuma asarar zafin jiki (ƙananan ma'aunin zafin jiki, mafi kyawun aiki a cikin zafi).
Siffofin sarkar samarwa: babban inganci da kyakkyawan halayen zafin jiki, amma babban jarin kayan aiki, yawan amfani da farar azurfa da buƙatar manufa (ITO don TCO). Tsarin ƙananan zafin jiki yana nufin bai dace da layukan zafin jiki na yanzu ba kuma yana buƙatar sabon ƙarfin aiki.
BC / IBC: matsar da lantarki zuwa baya
BC na nufin Back Contact, kuma IBC na nufin Interdigitated Back Contact. Gaban tantanin halitta na gargajiya yana da layukan grid na ƙarfe (lantarki) waɗanda ke toshe kusan 5%-7% na hasken rana. Fasahar BC tana sanya dukkan lantarki masu inganci da marasa inganci a baya, yana barin gaba ba shi da inuwa.
Yadda take aiki: Yankunan P+ da N+ ana shirya su a madadinsu a baya don samar da mahaɗar PN na gida, tare da lantarki masu inganci da marasa inganci a tsaka-tsaki.
Babban asarar da aka magance: inuwar gaban electrode.
Abubuwan sarkar samarwa: gaba mai tsabta (babu layukan grid) da inganci mai girma, amma tsari mai rikitarwa, manyan kalubalen yawan amfanin ƙasa da shinge da yawa na haƙƙin mallaka. Ya dace da kasuwar rarraba mai girma.
Duban taswirar asarar inganci
| Nau'in asara | Ka'ida | PERC | TOPCon | HJT | BC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asarar sha | Photons suna wucewa/suna tunkiya | Ingantacciyar tunkiya ta baya | Irin wannan | Irin wannan | Babu inuwar gaba |
| Asarar zafi | Ƙarfin da ya wuce na photons masu ƙarfi ya zama zafi | Irin wannan (dangane da bandgap, mai wuyar canzawa ta hanyar hanya) | Irin wannan | Irin wannan | Irin wannan |
| Sake haɗuwa a saman | Lalacewar saman tana kama masu ɗauka | Kariyar gaba | Gaba + baya | Ingantacciyar kariya ta gefe biyu | Ya dogara da substrate |
| Sake haɗuwa a lamba | Sake haɗuwa a lambar ƙarfe | — | Tunnel oxide | Ragewar silicon amorphous | Ya dogara da zane |
| Asarar juriya | Zafi daga hanyar wutar lantarki | Daidaitacce | Ƙasa (haɗin polysilicon) | Ya dogara da ingancin TCO | Hanyar baya mai tsayi |
| Asarar inuwa | Inuwa daga gaban lantarki | Ee | Ee | Ee | Kusan babu |
| Asarar zafin jiki | Rage inganci a babban zafin jiki | Matsakaici | Mafi kyau | Mafi Kyau | Mafi kyau |
Jagorar Misali
Hoto 1: Kwatanta P-type da N-type
Rukunin hagu (launuka shuɗi): Wafer nau'in P, doping boron, mafi yawan masu ɗaukar kaya su ne ramuka, lalacewar LID mafi bayyane, fasahar wakilci PERC. Rukunin dama (launuka kore): Wafer nau'in N, doping phosphorus, mafi yawan masu ɗaukar kaya su ne electrons, tsawon rayuwar masu ɗaukar kaya mafi girma, fasahar wakilci TOPCon/HJT/BC. Babban bambanci tsakanin nau'in P da N yana cikin sinadarin doping da nau'in mai ɗaukar kaya, kuma nau'in N na iya kaiwa ga inganci mafi girma saboda tsawon rayuwar mai ɗaukar kaya tare da haɗin gwiwar kariya ta ci gaba.
Hoto 2: Kwatancen yanki na PERC / TOPCon / HJT / BC
Rukunoni huɗu, kowanne yana nuna yanki na tsaye na tantanin halitta ɗaya, tare da matsayin haɗin PN da aka yiwa alama da da'irar ja mai digo. PERC da TOPCon suna da haɗin PN a gaba, HJT yana da haɗin hetero a bangarorin biyu, kuma BC yana da haɗin PN gaba ɗaya a baya. Karatun sarkar samarwa: yawan yadudduka yana nufin yawan matakan tsari yana nufin ƙalubalen yawan amfanin ƙasa mafi girma. HJT yana da mafi ƙarancin yadudduka amma yana amfani da fina-finai masu ƙarancin zafin jiki, TOPCon yana da matsakaicin adadin yadudduka mafi kusa da layukan da ake da su, kuma BC yana da mafi rikitarwa tsarin baya.
Hoto 3: Taswirar asarar ingancin hasken rana
Yaƙin hanyoyin fasaha ya fi mayar da hankali kan inganta asarar a zobe na biyu da na uku. Babu wata fasaha guda da za ta iya magance duk asarar gaba ɗaya. Karatun sarkar samarwa: idan kana kwatanta gibin inganci tsakanin fasahohi biyu, tambaya a fili wane matakin asara ne bambancin ya fito, domin hakan yana tantance ko gibin na gaske ne ko kuma sakamakon dakin gwaje-gwaje ne kawai, da kuma ko yana ci gaba da kasancewa a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban kamar zafi ko haske mara ƙarfi.
Mahimman Kalmomi a cikin Wannan Fitowa
| Kalma | Turanci | Bayani a layi ɗaya | Dalilin da ya sa sarkar samarwa ya kamata ta sani |
|---|---|---|---|
| PERC | Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell | Ƙara wani Layer na passivation a bayan tantanin halitta na P-type don rage sake haɗuwa | Mafi girman tushen shigarwa, sarkar samarwa mafi balagagge, sauƙin maye gurbin |
| TOPCon | Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact | Tantin halitta na N-type da ke amfani da oxide na tunnel don rage sake haɗuwa ta lamba | Hanyar N-type ta yanzu, kula da yawan amfanin ƙasa da man azurfa |
| HJT | Heterojunction Technology | Heterojunction na crystalline-amorphous silicon tare da passivation ta gefe biyu | Babban yuwuwar inganci, babban jarin kayan aiki, kula da amfani da azurfa da manufa |
| BC/IBC | Tuntuɓar Baya / Tuntuɓar Baya Mai Haɗaɗɗiya | An matsar da lantarki gaba ɗaya zuwa baya don kawar da inuwa | Tsari mai rikitarwa, ƙalubalen samarwa, ƙuntatawa na haƙƙin mallaka |
| Passivation | Passivation | Rufe saman siliki da wani Layer na abu don rage lahani da sake haɗuwa | Ingancin passivation yana ƙayyade lalacewa da tsawon rayuwa |
| Manne Azurfa | Manne Azurfa | Manne mai ɗauke da azurfa da ake amfani da shi don yin layin grid na lantarki | Farashin azurfa yana shafar farashin tantanin halitta, amfani da azurfa na HJT abin kulawa ne |
| LID | Lalacewar da Hasken Rana ke Jawaba | Hasken rana yana haifar da raguwar inganci a cikin nau'ikan P-type | Dole ne a yi la'akari da LID a cikin garanti na nau'ikan P-type |
| LeTID | Lalacewar da Hasken Rana da Zazzabi Mai Girma ke Jawaba | Lalacewar haske da zazzabi mai girma, wanda N-type kuma zai iya fuskanta | Mai da hankali kan lalacewa ga nau'ikan N-type |
Rashin fahimta na gama gari
Rashin fahimta na 1: TOPCon kawai ingantaccen PERC ne. Fahimtar daidai: TOPCon yana amfani da wafers na N-type (PERC yana amfani da P-type), kuma tsarin ƙirar sadarwa mai wucewa ya bambanta gaba ɗaya da PERC. Ko da yake ana iya haɓaka wasu layukan PERC zuwa TOPCon, su ne tsararraki biyu na fasaha.
Rashin fahimta na 2: HJT na iya maye gurbin TOPCon gaba ɗaya. Fahimtar daidai: HJT yana da inganci mai girma da ƙarancin zafin aiki, amma babban jarin kayan aiki, yawan amfani da man azurfa (kusan sau biyu na TOPCon) da buƙatar maƙasudai. Kowanne yana da yanayin da ya dace da ƙungiyoyin abokan ciniki.
Rashin fahimta na 3: Dole ne fasaha mafi inganci ta kasance mafi kyau. Fahimtar daidai: dole ne ku kalli jimillar farashi, gami da yawan samarwa, farashin kayan (musamman azurfa da maƙasudai), lalacewa, ma'aunin zafin jiki, amsawar haske mai rauni da kwanciyar hankali na samarwa. Ingantaccen ƙima shine kawai girma ɗaya na kimanta fasaha.
Rashin fahimta 4: Tsarin BC ba shi da layukan grid na gaba, don haka ingancinsa dole ne ya zama mafi girma. Fahimtar daidai: BC yana motsa na'urorin lantarki zuwa baya, yana kawar da asarar inuwa ta gaba, amma tsarin baya ya fi rikitarwa kuma hanyar juriya ta baya ta fi tsayi. Amfanin ingancin BC a bayyane yake a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi, amma ba shi ne mafi kyau a kowane yanayi ba.
Abubuwan da ake mayar da hankali a cikin sarkar samar da kayayyaki
Zaɓin hanyar fasaha yana nufin zaɓin kwanciyar hankali na samarwa na shekaru 5-10 masu zuwa.
Ƙarfi da samarwa: PERC yana da mafi girman ƙarfi amma ana maye gurbinsa da TOPCon. Lokacin kimanta masu samarwa, duba rabon ƙarfin N-type da ci gaban haɓakawa.
Dogaro da man azurfa: azurfa ita ce abu na biyu mafi tsada a cikin tantanin bayan wafer. Amfani da azurfa na HJT shine matsalar farashi da masana'antar ke kallo (man azurfa mai ƙarancin zafi ya fi tsada).
Ragewa da garanti: N-type modules gabaɗaya suna ragewa ƙasa da P-type, amma aikin LeTID ya bambanta tsakanin masana'anta. A cikin tattaunawar garanti, sami takamaiman lanƙwasa ragewa.
Daidaita sassa: dole ne a daidaita kayan maye da hanyar fasaha ta asali da sigogin rukuni. Haɗa kayan aiki da ke da ƙirar PN junction daban-daban a jere yana haifar da asarar rashin daidaituwa.
Haɗarin haƙƙin mallaka: haƙƙin mallaka na fasahar BC sun ta'allaka ne a cikin ƴan kamfanoni, don haka maye gurbin cikin gida da kasuwar kayan maye na iya iyakancewa.
Bayanan sarkar samarwa: zaɓin hanyar fasahar kayan aiki ba wai kawai inganci da farashi na yau ba ne, amma hasashen kwanciyar hankali na samarwa da samuwar kayan maye a cikin shekaru 25 masu zuwa. TOPCon a halin yanzu shine zaɓi na "babban tabbaci", HJT shine zaɓi na "babban yuwuwar gaba", kuma BC shine zaɓi na "babban daraja a yanayi na musamman".
Ɗauka a cikin Jumla ɗaya
PERC yana gyara baya, TOPCon yana gyara lamba, HJT yana gyara mu'amala, kuma BC yana gyara inuwa. Tushen dabara a cikin gasa tsakanin waɗannan fasahohi huɗu shine gyara wurare daban-daban akan taswirar asarar inganci, kuma shawarar siyan ku ita ce daidaita maƙasudai da yawa tsakanin balaga, farashi, inganci da tsaron samarwa.
Ra'ayin Ooitech
Ooitech ya yi imani: PERC, TOPCon, HJT da BC ba tseren lambar inganci guda ɗaya ba ne, amma faci huɗu daban-daban akan taswirar asarar inganci, kuma zaɓi mai hankali shine wanda ya daidaita balaga, farashi, inganci da tsaro na dogon lokaci.
