PERC vs TOPCon vs HJT vs BC: Me yasa Kwayoyin Rana Suka Bambanta Sosai a Farashi da Ingantacciyar Aiki
Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
Tambaya ta Tsakiya ta Wannan Fitowa
Daga P-type zuwa N-type, daga PERC zuwa TOPCon, HJT da BC, menene waɗannan haruffa suke nufi? Wadanne matsaloli daban-daban suke magancewa, kuma menene masana sarkar samarwa ya kamata su duba lokacin zabar su?
Mai samar da A ya ce: "Modinmu na TOPCon ya kai ingancin 22.5%, maki daya sama da PERC." Mai samar da B ya ce: "Modinmu na HJT yana da mafi kyawun ma'aunin zafin jiki kuma yana samar da wutar lantarki mai yawa a yanayin zafi." Mai samar da C ya ce: "Modinmu na BC ba shi da layukan grid a gaba, yana da tsabta kuma ya dace da ayyukan rarraba."
To yaya ya kamata ku kwatanta su? Idan kawai kuna kallon farashi da ingancin da aka ƙididdige, za ku rasa abubuwan da suke da mahimmanci:
Hanyoyin fasaha daban-daban suna da yawan samarwa daban-daban, wanda ke shafar kwanciyar hankali na bayarwa.
Amfani da man azurfa ya bambanta (HJT ya fi girma), wanda ke shafar yanayin farashi da haɗarin samarwa.
Hanyoyin lalacewa sun bambanta (P-type yana da LID, N-type yana da LeTID), wanda ke shafar da'awar garanti.
Yanayin zafin aiki ya bambanta (HJT tsari ne mai ƙarancin zafin jiki), wanda ke shafar kayan aiki, matakan saka hannun jari da yanayin masu samarwa gabaɗaya.
Wannan fitowar tana taimaka muku gina cikakken tsari don kwatanta hanyoyin fasaha.
Fahimtar shi a cikin Jumla ɗaya
PERC shine kololuwar fasahar P-type (kariyar baya), TOPCon shine babbar hanyar samar da N-type (kariyar tuntuɓa), HJT shine hanyar aiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarancin zafin jiki (kariyar haɗin heterojunction), kuma BC tana matsar da na'urorin lantarki zuwa baya a matsayin mafita mai kyau. Suna magance matsala ɗaya ta fuskoki daban-daban: rage asarar inganci.
Misali Mai Sauƙi
Asarar ingancin tantanin rana kamar gida mai hawa biyar ne wanda ruwa ke zubowa a kowane bene:
Zubewar bene na farko (asarar sha): haske yana wucewa kai tsaye ba a sha ba.
Zubewar bene na biyu (asarar zafi): ƙarfin da ya wuce gona da iri na photons masu ƙarfi yana juya zuwa zafi.
Zubewar bene na uku (asarar sake haɗuwa): electrons da holes suna sake haɗuwa kafin a raba su.
Zubewar bene na huɗu (asarar juriya): wutar lantarki ta haɗu da juriya a cikin tantanin da na'urorin lantarki kuma ta juya zuwa zafi.
Zubewar bene na biyar (asarar inuwa): na'urorin lantarki na gaba suna toshe wani ɓangare na hasken rana.
PERC galibi yana gyara bene na uku (haɗuwa ta baya). TOPCon galibi yana gyara ɓangaren haɗuwa na bene na uku (haɗuwar lamba). HJT kusan ya sake gyara bene na uku gaba ɗaya (interface passivation). BC galibi yana gyara bene na biyar (matsar da lantarki zuwa baya don kawar da inuwa).
Bayanan sarkar samarwa: hanyoyi daban-daban suna gyara benaye daban-daban, amma farashi da wahalar gyara kowane bene sun bambanta. Abin da kuka zaɓa ba kawai lambar inganci ba ne, amma ciniki na 'inda za a saka hannun jari, nawa asara za ku iya ceto, da kuma farashin da kuke biya.'
Ka'idodin Ƙwararru
P-type vs N-type: zaɓin substrate
| Abu | Wafer P-type | Wafer N-type |
|---|---|---|
| Doping | Boron | Phosphorus |
| Mafi yawan masu ɗauka | Ramuka | Electrons |
| Lalacewar LID | Mafi bayyane (haɗuwar boron-oxygen) | Ƙasa |
| Hankalin ƙazanta | Mafi girma | Ƙananan (mafi girman rayuwar mai ɗaukar ƙarami) |
| Fasaha mai wakilci | PERC | TOPCon, HJT, wasu BC |
Hanyar: N-type yana maye gurbin P-type a matsayin babban, saboda rayuwar mai ɗaukar ƙarami na N-type wafers ya fi girma (electrons suna rayuwa "tsawon"), kuma haɗe da mafi ci gaba passivation zai iya kaiwa ga mafi girma inganci.
PERC: ƙara fim ɗin kariya a baya
PERC yana nufin Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell. A bayan tantanin halitta na P-type na gargajiya yana ƙara:
Wani Layer na Al2O3 (aluminum oxide) passivation don rage sake haɗuwa a baya.
Wani Layer na SiNx (silicon nitride) kariya don ƙara haske a baya, yana mayar da photons da ba a sha ba don samun dama ta biyu ta sha.
Babban asarar da aka magance: sake haɗuwa a baya da kuma asarar watsawa a baya.
Abubuwan sarkar samarwa: fasaha mafi girma, sarkar samarwa mafi cikakke, farashi mafi ƙasƙanci, amma iyakar inganci kusan 23.5%. Ita ce mafi girman tushen shigar, tare da mafi sauƙin kayan gyara da maye gurbin.
TOPCon: ƙofa ta tuntuɓar daidaitacce
TOPCon na nufin Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact. Babban tsari: a bayan wafer na N-type, ana yin wani siririn oxide Layer (SiO2, kimanin 1-2nm), sannan a rufe shi da wani doped polysilicon Layer.
Layer na oxide yana aiki kamar kofa, yana toshe masu karɓa marasa rinjaye (ramuka) daga sake haɗuwa yayin da yake barin masu karɓa masu rinjaye (electrons) su bi ta (wannan shine "tunneling").
Layer na doped polysilicon yana ba da kyakkyawar hulɗar lantarki kuma yana rage juriyar hulɗa.
Babban asarar da aka magance: sake haɗuwa a yankin hulɗar ƙarfe da juriyar hulɗa.
Abubuwan sarkar samarwa: sun dace sosai da layukan PERC (ana iya haɓakawa) kuma a halin yanzu ita ce babbar hanyar samar da N-type mai yawa. Kula da amfani da man azurfa, yawan aikin Layer oxide da bayanan lalacewa.
HJT: yadudduka biyu na kariya suna rufe wafer
HJT na nufin Heterojunction Technology. Tsari: a bangarorin biyu na wafer crystalline N-type, ana sanya Layer na intrinsic amorphous silicon (i-a-Si:H) a matsayin passivation, sannan a rufe shi da doped amorphous silicon Layer, kuma a ƙarshe wani transparent conductive oxide (TCO).
"Hetero" na nufin crystalline silicon da amorphous silicon sune abubuwa biyu daban na semiconductor.
Yadudduka biyu na i-a-Si:H suna ba da kyakkyawan kariya ta saman.
Dukkan tsari ana kammala shi a ƙananan zafin jiki (<200°C, yayin da PERC/TOPCon ke buƙatar 800°C+).
Babban asarar da aka magance: sake haɗuwa ta saman da kuma asarar zafin jiki (ƙananan coefficient na zafin jiki, mafi kyawun aiki a cikin zafi).
Siffofin sarkar samarwa: babban inganci da kyakkyawan hali na zafin jiki, amma babban jarin kayan aiki, yawan amfani da farar azurfa da buƙatar manufa (ITO don TCO). Tsarin ƙananan zafin jiki yana nufin bai dace da layukan zafin jiki masu yawa ba kuma yana buƙatar sabon ƙarfin aiki.
BC / IBC: matsar da lantarki zuwa baya
BC na nufin Back Contact, kuma IBC na nufin Interdigitated Back Contact. Gaban tantanin halitta na gargajiya yana da layukan grid na ƙarfe (lantarki) waɗanda ke toshe kusan 5%-7% na hasken rana. Fasahar BC tana sanya dukkan lantarki masu inganci da marasa inganci a baya, yana barin gaba ba shi da inuwa.
Yadda take aiki: Yankunan P+ da N+ ana shirya su a madadinsu a baya don samar da gidauniyar PN, tare da lantarki masu inganci da marasa inganci a cikin tsarin yatsu.
Babban asarar da aka magance: inuwar gaban lantarki.
Abubuwan samar da kayayyaki: gaba mai tsabta (babu layukan grid) da inganci mai girma, amma tsari mai rikitarwa, manyan kalubalen samarwa da shinge da yawa na haƙƙin mallaka. Ya dace da kasuwar rarraba mai girma.
Duban taswirar asarar inganci
| Nau'in asara | Ka'ida | PERC | TOPCon | HJT | BC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asarar sha | Photons suna wucewa/suna haskakawa | Ingantacciyar haskakawa ta baya | Irin wannan | Irin wannan | Babu inuwar gaba |
| Asarar zafi | Ƙarfin da ya wuce na photons masu ƙarfi ya zama zafi | Irin wannan (ya danganta da bandgap, da wuya a canza ta hanya) | Irin wannan | Irin wannan | Irin wannan |
| Sake haɗuwa a saman | Lalacewar saman tana kama masu ɗaukar kaya | Kariyar gaba | Gaba + baya | Ingantacciyar kariya ta gefe biyu | Ya dogara da substrate |
| Sake haɗuwa a lamba | Sake haɗuwa a lambar ƙarfe | — | Tunnel oxide | Amorphous silicon isolation | Ya danganta da zane |
| Asarar juriya | Zafi daga hanyar wutar lantarki | Daidaitacce | Ƙananan (polysilicon contact) | Ya danganta da ingancin TCO | Hanyar baya mai tsayi |
| Asarar inuwa | Inuwa daga gaban lantarki | Ee | Ee | Ee | Kusan babu |
| Asarar zafin jiki | Rage inganci a yanayin zafi mai girma | Matsakaici | Mafi kyau | Mafi Kyau | Mafi kyau |
Jagorar Misali
Hoto 1: Kwatanta P-type da N-type
Rukunin hagu (launuka shuɗi): Wafer nau'in P, doping boron, yawancin masu ɗaukar kaya sune ramuka, lalacewar LID mafi bayyane, fasahar wakilci PERC. Rukunin dama (launuka kore): Wafer nau'in N, doping phosphorus, yawancin masu ɗaukar kaya sune electrons, tsawon rayuwar masu ɗaukar kaya mafi girma, fasahar wakilci TOPCon/HJT/BC. Babban bambanci tsakanin nau'in P da nau'in N yana cikin sinadarin doping da nau'in mai ɗaukar kaya, kuma nau'in N na iya kaiwa ga inganci mafi girma saboda tsawon rayuwar mai ɗaukar kaya tare da haɓaka passivation.
Hoto 2: Kwatancen yanki na PERC / TOPCon / HJT / BC
Rukunoni huɗu, kowanne yana nuna yanki na tsaye na tantanin halitta ɗaya, tare da matsayin haɗin PN da aka yiwa alama da da'irar ja mai digo. PERC da TOPCon suna da haɗin PN a gaba, HJT yana da heterojunctions a bangarorin biyu, kuma BC yana da haɗin PN gaba ɗaya a baya. Karatun sarkar samarwa: yawan yadudduka yana nufin yawan matakan tsari yana nufin ƙalubalen samarwa mafi girma. HJT yana da mafi ƙarancin yadudduka amma yana amfani da fina-finai masu ƙarancin zafin jiki, TOPCon yana da matsakaicin yawan yadudduka mafi kusa da layukan da ake da su, kuma BC yana da mafi rikitarwa tsarin baya.
Hoto 3: Taswirar asarar ingancin hasken rana
Yaƙin hanyoyin fasaha ya fi mayar da hankali kan inganta asarar a zobe na biyu da na uku. Babu wata fasaha guda da za ta iya magance duk asarar gaba ɗaya. Karatun sarkar samarwa: idan kana kwatanta tazarar inganci tsakanin fasahohi biyu, tambaya a fili wane matakin asara ne bambancin ya fito, domin hakan zai nuna ko tazarar tana da gaske ko kuma sakamakon gwaji ne kawai, kuma ko tana ci gaba da kasancewa a yanayi daban-daban kamar zafi mai yawa ko haske mara ƙarfi.
Mahimman Kalmomi a Wannan Fitowa
| Kalma | Turanci | Bayani a layi ɗaya | Dalilin da ya sa sarkar samarwa ta kamata ta sani |
|---|---|---|---|
| PERC | Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell | An ƙara wani Layer na passivation a bayan tantanin halitta na P-type don rage sake haɗuwa | Mafi girman tushen shigarwa, sarkar samarwa mafi balagagge, sauƙin maye gurbin |
| TOPCon | Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact | Tantani na N-type da ke amfani da oxide na tunnel don rage sake haɗuwa a lamba | Hanyar N-type ta yau da kullun, kula da yawan amfanin ƙasa da man azurfa |
| HJT | Heterojunction Technology | Silicon heterojunction crystalline-amorphous tare da passivation mai fuska biyu | Yiwuwar inganci mai girma, babban jarin kayan aiki, amfani da azurfa da manufa |
| BC/IBC | Back Contact / Interdigitated Back Contact | An matsar da lantarki gaba daya zuwa baya don kawar da inuwa | Tsari mai rikitarwa, kalubalen yawan amfanin ƙasa, ƙuntatawa na haƙƙin mallaka |
| Passivation | Passivation | Rufe saman silicon da wani abu don rage lahani da sake haɗuwa | Ingancin passivation yana ƙayyade lalacewa da tsawon rayuwa |
| Man Azurfa | Man Azurfa | Man da ke ɗauke da azurfa da ake amfani da shi don yin layin grid na lantarki | Farashin azurfa yana shafar farashin tantanin halitta, amfani da azurfa na HJT abu ne mai mahimmanci |
| LID | Lalacewar da Hasken Rana ke Jawaba | Hasken rana yana haifar da raguwar inganci a cikin nau'ikan P-module | Dole ne a yi la'akari da LID a cikin garanti na P-module |
| LeTID | Lalacewar da Hasken Rana da Zazzabi Mai Girma ke Jawaba | Lalacewar haske da zafin jiki mai girma, wanda N-type ma na iya fuskanta | Matsayin lalacewa ga nau'ikan N-type |
Rashin Fahimta na Yau da Kullum
Rashin Fahimta 1: TOPCon kawai ingantaccen PERC ne. Fahimtar daidai: TOPCon yana amfani da wafers N-type (PERC yana amfani da P-type), kuma tsarin ƙirar sadarwa mai kariya ya bambanta gaba ɗaya da PERC. Ko da yake ana iya haɓaka wasu layukan PERC zuwa TOPCon, su tsararraki biyu ne na fasaha.
Rashin Fahimta 2: HJT na iya maye gurbin TOPCon gaba ɗaya. Fahimtar daidai: HJT yana da inganci mai girma da ƙarancin zafin aiki, amma babban jarin kayan aiki, yawan amfani da man azurfa (kusan sau biyu na TOPCon) da buƙatar maƙasudai. Kowanne yana da yanayin da ya dace da ƙungiyoyin abokan ciniki.
Rashin Fahimta 3: Fasaha mafi inganci dole ne ta zama mafi kyau. Fahimtar daidai: dole ne ku kalli jimillar farashi, gami da yawan samarwa, farashin kayan (musamman azurfa da maƙasudai), lalacewa, ma'aunin zafin jiki, amsawar haske mara ƙarfi da kwanciyar hankali na samarwa. Ingantaccen ƙima shine kawai girma ɗaya na kimanta fasaha.
Rashin fahimta na 4: Tsarin BC ba shi da layukan grid na gaba, don haka ingancinsa dole ne ya zama mafi girma. Fahimtar daidai: BC yana motsa na'urorin lantarki zuwa baya, yana kawar da asarar inuwa ta gaba, amma tsarin baya ya fi rikitarwa kuma hanyar juriya ta baya ta fi tsayi. Amfanin ingancin BC a bayyane yake a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi, amma ba shine mafi kyau a kowane yanayi ba.
Abubuwan da aka fi mayar da hankali a cikin sarkar samar da kayayyaki
Zaɓin hanyar fasaha yana nufin zaɓin kwanciyar hankali na samarwa na shekaru 5-10 masu zuwa.
Ƙarfi da samarwa: PERC yana da mafi girman ƙarfi amma ana maye gurbinsa da TOPCon. Lokacin kimanta masu samarwa, duba rabon ƙarfin N-type da ci gaban haɓakawa.
Dogaro da man azurfa: azurfa ita ce abu na biyu mafi tsada a cikin tantanin halitta bayan wafer. Amfani da azurfa na HJT shine matsalar farashi da masana'antar ke kallo (man azurfa mai ƙarancin zafi ya fi tsada).
Ragewa da garanti: N-type modules gabaɗaya suna ragewa ƙasa da P-type, amma aikin LeTID ya bambanta tsakanin masana'anta. A cikin tattaunawar garanti, sami takamaiman lanƙwasa ragewa.
Daidaita sassa: dole ne a daidaita sassa masu maye gurbin da hanyar fasaha ta asali da sigogin rukuni. Haɗa sassan da ke da ƙirar PN junction daban-daban a jere yana haifar da asarar rashin daidaituwa.
Haɗarin haƙƙin mallaka: fasahar BC tana da haƙƙin mallaka da yawa a hannun ƴan kamfanoni, don haka maye gurbin cikin gida da kasuwar sassa na iya iyakancewa.
Bayanan sarkar samarwa: zaɓin hanyar fasahar module ba wai kawai inganci da farashi na yau ba ne, amma hasashen kwanciyar hankali na samarwa da samuwar sassa a cikin shekaru 25 masu zuwa. TOPCon a halin yanzu shine zaɓi na "babban tabbaci", HJT shine zaɓi na "babban makoma mai yuwuwa", kuma BC shine zaɓi na "babban daraja a yanayi na musamman".
Ɗauke shi a cikin jimla ɗaya
PERC yana gyara baya, TOPCon yana gyara lamba, HJT yana gyara mu'amala, kuma BC yana gyara inuwa. Tushen dabarar gasar tsakanin waɗannan fasahohi huɗu shine gyara wurare daban-daban akan taswirar asarar inganci, kuma shawarar siyan ku ita ce daidaita maƙasudai da yawa tsakanin balaga, farashi, inganci da tsaro na samarwa.
Ra'ayin Ooitech
Ooitech ya yi imani: PERC, TOPCon, HJT da BC ba tseren lambar inganci guda ɗaya ba ne, amma faci huɗu daban-daban akan taswirar asarar inganci, kuma zaɓi mai hankali shine wanda ya daidaita balaga, farashi, inganci da tsaro na dogon lokaci.
