Me yasa yawancin hasken rana yake shuɗi ko baƙi?
Gabatarwar Samfur
Ka yi tunanin rana mai haske.
Kana tsaye a gefen rufin gida kana kallon layukan fentin hasken rana suna kwance a hankali a ƙarƙashin rana. Hasken rana da kansa fari ne, amma waɗannan fentin ba fari ba ne, ba zinari ba, ba bayyananne ba.
Yawancinsu shuɗi ne. Ko baƙi.
Kuma a nan wata tambaya ta halitta ta taso. Idan hasken rana ya wanzu don kama hasken rana, me yasa suke kama da duhu sosai? Hankalinmu yana cewa fari shine mafi haske, azurfa shine mafi kyalli, zinariya yayi kama da rana. Amma bangarorin da suke samar da wutar lantarki suna kama da faranti na gilashin shuɗi-baki.
A matsayin mai samar da injunan yin bangarorin hasken rana da kuma hanyoyin samar da layin samar da bangarorin hasken rana, Ooitech na iya samar da layin samar da na'urorin baki gabaɗaya.
Wannan ba game da kyau ba ne. Tattaunawar injiniya ce ta tsawon shekaru tsakanin mutane da hasken rana.
Silicon polycrystalline shuɗi da silicon monocrystalline baki
Caption: Shuɗi da baki na bangarorin hasken rana ba fenti ba ne. Sakamakon haɗin tsarin crystal, fim ɗin hana haske da kuma ingancin ɗaukar haske.
Bari mu fara da wani abu na yau da kullum. Sanye da baki a rana ta rani yana jin zafi. Sanye da fari yana jin sanyi. Tufafin fari suna hana haske da yawa. Tufafin baki suna shanye shi da yawa.
Hanyoyin aikin hasken rana suna aiki daidai. Ga yawancin abubuwa, kyakykyawan haske yana da kyau. Ga hasken rana, haskakawa asara ce. Lokacin da hasken rana ya bugi panel ya koma sama, ba zai zama wutar lantarki ba. Hasken da ya shiga cikin silicon ne kawai ke da damar tada electrons ya samar da wutar lantarki. Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka ta bayyana a sarari: silicon Layer yana sha haske, electrons suna motsawa, kuma yayin da suke motsawa suna samar da wutar lantarki.
Don haka tun daga farko, hasken rana ba ya son zama fari. Fari yana nufin, "Hasken rana ya zo, na mayar da shi sama." Blue-black yana nufin, "Hasken rana ya zo, ina ajiye yadda zan iya."
Ma'aunin Fasaha
Me yasa yawancin tsofaffin panels suke blue?
Wannan ya koma ga wani nau'in panel na baya: polycrystalline silicon.
Polycrystalline silicon ba crystal guda ɗaya ba ne. Yana da ƙananan grains da yawa da aka haɗa tare. Ka yi tunanin saman tafkin daskararre, cike da tsage-tsage na kankara. Kowane grain yana nuna wata hanya ta daban. Hasken rana da ya buga shi yana haskakawa daban-daban a ko'ina. Shi ya sa poly panels sukan yi blue ko blue mai duhu, tare da saman da ke ɗauke da ɗan tsage-tsage, kankara, ƙarfe.
Don haka shuɗin poly silicon ba fenti ba ne. Ya fi kamar yanayin lu'ulu'u na silicon da ke nunawa a ƙarƙashin rana.
Amma shuɗin ba ya fitowa daga lu'ulu'u kaɗai. Akwai wani siririn Layer a saman panel da ake kira anti-reflective coating. Kalmar tana da fasaha, amma yana da sauƙin fahimta. Lokacin da kake sa tabarau, wasu lenses suna ɗaukar wani shuɗi-purple ko kore haske (allon wayar da kake kallo yanzu yana yin haka). Wannan fim ɗin ba ado ba ne. Yana rage haske don ƙarin haske ya ratsa ta lens.
Haka yake da panel. Silicon a kansa yana da haske sosai. Idan ba a kula ba, wani ɓangare na hasken rana yana billa daga saman wafer. Don haka injiniyoyi suna sanya wafer texture da kuma sanya anti-reflective coating don ƙarin haske ya shiga cikin silicon. Lokacin da DOE ke bayyana masana'antar crystalline silicon module, sanya anti-reflective coating a gaban cell an jera shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin matakan samar da cell.
Hoton microscope na lantarki na saman wafer
Caption: A ƙarƙashin microscope, saman wafer ba fili mai santsi ba ne amma fili mai yawan ƙananan pyramids. Wannan texture yana yanke haske kuma yana kama ƙarin hasken rana a cikin wafer.
| Abu | Cikakken bayani |
|---|---|
| Shaƙar poly silicon (textured + AR coating) | kusan 93%–97% na hasken rana |
| Shaƙar silicon baƙi | fiye da 98% na hasken da ya shiga |
| Kason monocrystalline na jigilar kayayyaki (2022) | 96% |
| Ingancin panel na gaske a duniya | kusan 20%–22% |
| Kwayar silicon mai amfani ta farko (1954, Bell Labs) | kusan 6% inganci |
Kuna iya tunanin murfin anti-reflective a matsayin ƙofar shiga mai laushi. Idan bambancin gani tsakanin iska da silicon ya yi yawa da sauri, haske yakan dawo da sauri. Idan akwai wani matakin canji a tsakanin, haske yana shiga cikin wafer cikin sauƙi. Kayan silicon baƙi na NREL yana da layin da ya dace da wannan tunani: ƙarancin haske yana nufin ƙarin shaƙa, wanda ke nufin inganci mafi girma da ƙarin wuta. Tsarin texturing na yau da kullun da murfin anti-reflective suna barin kwayar ta sha kusan 93%–97% na hasken rana, yayin da tsarin silicon baƙi yana barin wafer ya sha fiye da 98% na hasken da ya shiga, shi ya sa yake kama da baƙi. Wannan yana nuna abu ɗaya a sarari: yayin da panel ke son zama mafi inganci, to ba zai iya ba da damar haske ya yi yawa ba.
Blue shine ne ragowar haske daga farkon poly silicon da fim ɗinsa na hana haske. Black shine yadda silicon yake kama bayan ya koyi cinye haske.
Fa'idodin Fasaha
Daga baya, black panels sun zama ruwan dare gama gari.
Bayan wannan akwai wani babban hali: monocrystalline silicon.
Mono silicon ya fi kama da tubali guda mai shugabanci ɗaya da tsari mai tsafta. Ba ya ɗauke da yanayin fashewar poly silicon, don haka samansa ya fi daidaito, zurfi, kuma kusa da black.
Idan poly silicon yana kama da wani shafin blue kankara mai tsaga, mono silicon yana kama da wani yanki na obsidian.
Yawancin rufin gidaje yanzu sun fi son all-black modules. Daga nesa ba su kama da grid na sassa na masana'antu ba. Sun fi kama da black gilashin da aka shimfida da kyau. Bayanan DOE sun nuna cewa zuwa 2022 monocrystalline silicon ya riga ya zama kashi 96% na jigilar solar modules a duniya, ya zama mafi yawan kayan sha a cikin modules na yau, kuma modules da aka samar da su a masana'antu yawanci suna kaiwa ingancin duniya kusan 20%–22%.
Don haka black ba kawai game da kallon alatu ba ne. A bayansa akwai mafi daidaitattun crystals, mafi balagaggen masana'antu, ƙarancin haske, da kuma hanya mafi inganci ta sha haske.
Tsarin kristal mai daidaituwa tare da silicon monocrystalline
Ƙananan haske mai nunawa, ƙarin haske a ciki
Ƙarfin sha, har zuwa sama da 98% tare da silicon baƙi
Mai tsabta, kallon baƙi-duk wanda aka fi so a kan rufin zamani
Mature, ƙananan farashi masana'antu da ya dace da yawan aiki
Aikace-aikacen Samfur
Komawa tarihin wutar lantarki ta hasken rana
A cikin 1954, Bell Labs ya nuna farkon amfani da silicon solar cell. Ingantaccensa ya kai kusan 6% kawai. Ta ma'aunin yau 6% yana da ƙasa, amma a lokacin ya isa ya juya ƙaramin abin wasa, kuma ya isa ya sa mutane su yi imani a karon farko cewa hasken rana zai iya yin fiye da bushe tufafi da dumama fata. Zai iya juya kai tsaye zuwa wutar lantarki. Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Amurka ta rubuta wannan tarihin kuma: Bell Labs ya nuna farkon amfani da silicon solar cell a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 1954, tare da farkon silicon cells kusan 6% inganci.
Hoton tarihi na 1954 Bell Labs solar cell
Caption: Farkon silicon solar cells ba su da inganci sosai, duk da haka sun buɗe ƙofar zuwa photovoltaics na zamani.
Ya kasance kamar farawa. Kwayoyin farko suna da tsada, ƙanana, kuma suna jin kamar abin wasa na gaba daga dakin gwaje-gwaje. Sa'an nan suka tafi sararin samaniya. Tauraron dan adam ba zai iya ɗaukar kwal ba kuma ba zai iya musanya batura kowace rana ba, don haka hasken rana ya zama mafi kyawun tushen makamashi. Bayan haka, an yanka wafers sirara, matakai sun girma, farashi ya ragu. Waɗannan ƙananan shuɗi-baƙi waɗanda a da suke na dakin gwaje-gwaje da sararin samaniya kawai sun bazu a hankali a cikin jeji, masana'antu, makarantu, wuraren ajiye motoci da rufin gidaje na yau da kullun.
Launi ya canza a hanya kuma. Daga shuɗin poly silicon na yau da kullun na farko zuwa baƙin mono silicon na yau da kullun yanzu, yana iya zama kamar ba komai ba face inuwa mai zurfi. Amma a bayansa dukkan sarkar samar da kayayyaki tana ci gaba.
Ƙarancin tunani. Ƙarin sha. Ingantacciyar inganci. Ƙarancin farashi. Mafi dacewa don ƙaddamar da manyan ayyuka. Kuma launi ya ci gaba da yin duhu.
Baƙaƙen modules a kan rufin zamani
Caption: Gidajen zamani suna ƙara amfani da baƙaƙen modules ko duk-baƙi. Suna da tsabta kuma suna nuna balagaggen monocrystalline silicon da ƙirar ƙarancin tunani.
Shin za a iya sanya panels ja, kore ko zinariya?
Tabbas za a iya.
Hasken rana da aka haɗa da gini yana da nau'ikan nau'ikan masu launi da yawa. Gine-ginen birni ba koyaushe suna son bangon gilashin baƙi ba, don haka injiniyoyi suna amfani da sutura na musamman, nau'ikan rubutu da rufewa don mayar da bangarori zuwa launin toka, ja-brick, kore, har ma da kusanci da sautin bangon labule na yau da kullun.
Amma farashin kai tsaye ne. Kuna ganin shi ja ne saboda yana haskaka wasu hasken ja zuwa gare ku. Kuna ganin shi kore ne saboda yana haskaka wasu hasken kore. Kuma hasken da aka haskaka baya shiga cikin tantanin halitta don yin wuta. Wannan yana nufin asarar kudaden shiga da ƙarancin ingancin samarwa. PV mai launi ba abu ne mai yiwuwa ba. Kawai yana buƙatar sabuwar tattaunawa tsakanin kyan gani da inganci.
Launi mai kyau baya sa panel ta fi kyau. Zane-zanen injiniya mai inganci sau da yawa baya kan zaɓi mafi kyau, amma akan wanda ya fi dogaro, mafi inganci kuma mafi tsada a cikin dogon lokaci.
Tuntuɓi da Siyayya
Don haka sake duba wannan facin shuɗi-baƙi a kan rufin
Ba wai kawai hasken rana ya zama haka ba. Sakamakon da aka tace ta hanyar kayan silicon, tsarin crystal, fim ɗin anti-reflective, farashin masana'anta da ingancin samarwa tare.
Shuɗi ba ado ba ne. Baƙi ba ɗanɗano ba ne.
It is the panel telling you it does not want to give sunlight back to the sky. It wants to keep the light, wake the electrons, and turn invisible photons into visible current. The sun drops through the clouds and lands on that silent blue-black. No roar, no chimney, no flame. Just light entering silicon, electrons starting to move, current flowing along thin metal fingers toward somewhere far away.
A wannan lokacin, panel ɗin hasken rana yana kama da shafin baƙi wanda rana ta rubuta a kai. Kuma abin da mutane ke karantawa a kai shi ne amsa kaɗan a sarari.
Don ɗaukar ɗan ƙarin hasken rana, silicon ya yi ado da baƙi-shuɗi.
Ra'ayin Ooitech
Canjin daga poly shuɗi zuwa mono baƙi ba kawai salon launi ba ne, labari ne na masana'anta game da matse haske zuwa sifili. A gefen module muna ganin sa kowace rana: sel mono iri ɗaya, texturing matse da lamination mai tsabta su ne abin da ke sa panel baƙi ya yi kyau kuma ya yi aiki. Idan kana son ganin yadda ake gina waɗannan modules baƙi a kan layi na gaske, tashar mu ta YouTube a www.youtube.com/ooitech yana nuna filin masana'anta kusa, kuma yana da daraja biyan kuɗi idan masana'antar hasken rana ce abinka.
