Tushen Bincike

TOPCon ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan fasahohi a masana'antar hasken rana ta siliki. Duk da haka, inganci mai girma ba yana nufin kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci ba. An ba da rahoton bambance-bambance a cikin lalacewa ta hanyar hasken ultraviolet, ko UVID, a cikin nau'ikan sel hasken rana da yawa. Sel TOPCon, PERC, da HJT duk na iya shafar, amma wuraren lalacewa da hanyoyin da suka fi rinjaye ba iri ɗaya ba ne.

Tattaunawar da ta gabata game da lalacewar UV ta fi mayar da hankali kan photons masu ƙarfi da ke karya haɗin Si-H, sannan sakin hydrogen da canje-canje a cikin haɗin kai. Bakan ultraviolet da ake samu a yanayin PV module na gaske bai iyakance ga tsawon raƙuman ruwa ɗaya ba. Fuskar gaba mai haske kuma tana ƙunshe da yankuna da yawa da aka haɗa, ciki har da SiNx, Al2O3, emitter boron, da lambobin ƙarfe. Don haka marubutan suna jayayya cewa bai kamata a yi nazarin lalacewar UV a cikin sel TOPCon ta hanyar halayen hydrogen kaɗai ba. Ƙaurawar oxygen da lambobin haɗin kai suma suna da mahimmanci.

Ɗaya daga cikin bayani yana da sauƙi a manta da shi. Gilashin module yawanci yana tace mafi yawan UVB radiation, amma baya karewa gaba ɗaya fuskar tantanin da aka haskaka daga hasken ultraviolet. Bakan da aka tattauna a cikin takardar ya mamaye UVA yayin da har yanzu yana ƙunshe da kusan 11% UVB. Marubutan sun yi amfani da samfurori marasa rufi. Don haka gwajin bai yi daidai da tsufa na waje na cikakken module ba, amma yana taimakawa ƙara da kuma raba wuraren da ke da rauni ga UV a fuskar gaban tantanin.

Wannan takarda ya fi dacewa a karanta shi azaman binciken hanyar gazawa maimakon nazarin tabbatar da rayuwar module. Asarar ingancin dangi na 6.72% bayan UV60 bai kamata a canza shi kai tsaye zuwa hasarar wutar module na waje ba. Mahimmin batu shine yadda marubutan ke amfani da hanyoyin siffantawa daban-daban don haɗa lalacewar kariyar fuska, oxidation na mu'amala, da lalacewar haɗin ƙarfe.

Hanyar Gwaji

Binciken ya yi amfani da tantanin TOPCon da aka yanka rabi na kasuwanci wanda ya auna 182 mm × 105 mm. An yi tantanin daga n-type Czochralski monocrystalline silicon tare da juriya na kusan 1.0 Ω·cm da kaurin wafer na kusan 130 μm. Don kwatanta juriyar UV na gaba da baya, masu binciken kuma sun shirya samfurori na fuska gaba daidai da samfurori na fuska baya daidai.

Tsarin gaba ya ƙunshi SiNx/Al2O3. Tsarin baya ya ƙunshi SiOx/n+ poly-Si/Al2O3/SiNx. Manyan kaurin fim ɗin da aka ruwaito a cikin takardar an jera su a ƙasa.

Masu bincike sun kwatanta tsawon rayuwar 'minority-carrier', ƙarfin buɗe kewaye (implied open-circuit voltage), da J0 kafin da bayan fallasa don tantance kwanciyar hankali na passivation. An yi amfani da 'Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry', ko ToF-SIMS, don bin rarraba zurfin hydrogen da oxygen. An yi amfani da 'X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy', ko XPS, don nazarin yanayin sinadarai na N 1s, O 1s, Al 2p, da Si 2p. Sannan ma'aunin EQE, TLM, da I-V sun haɗa canje-canjen fim ɗin bakin ciki da asarar lantarki a matakin tantanin halitta.

Ƙarfin wannan tsarin gwaji ya ta'allaka ne ga haɗin amfani da cikakkun sel da sifofi masu daidaitawa. Cikakkun sel suna nuna yadda inganci, Voc, Jsc, factor fill, da juriyar lamba ke canzawa. Samfuran gaba da baya masu daidaitawa suna rage tsangwama daga sauran tsarin tantanin halitta, yana sauƙaƙa gano wane gefen passivation ya fi saurin kamuwa da hasken UV.

Hoto 1: Zane-zane na tantanin TOPCon, tsarin gaba mai daidaitawa, da tsarin baya mai daidaitawa. Samfuran daidaitawa suna ba da damar kwatanta juriyar UV na gunkin SiNx/Al2O3 na gaba da lambar passivation ta poly-Si ta baya daban.

Hakanan dole ne a yi la'akari da yanayin fallasa UV da kansa. Binciken ya yi amfani da ƙarfin ultraviolet na 300 W/m², zafin jiki na 60°C, danshin yanayi na 30%, da matsakaicin adadin da aka tara na 60 kWh/m². Bakan ya fi mayar da hankali a cikin kewayon UVA, tare da ƙaramin ɓangaren UVB. Wannan ya fi maida hankali fiye da fallasa waje na yau da kullun kuma ya dace don hanzarta canje-canjen sinadarai da ake iya gani a saman gaba a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.

Hoto 2: Bakan ultraviolet da aka yi amfani da shi a gwajin. Bakan ya mamaye UVA kuma ya ƙunshi ƙaramin ɓangaren UVB, yana ba da damar ganin tasirin photons masu ƙarfi a kan matakan kariya na gaba.

Sakamako da Tattaunawa

Tsarin Gaba Ya Fi Tsarin Baya Hada da UV

Hoto 3 yana ba da kwatancen kai tsaye mafi kyau tsakanin tsarin biyu. Tsarin baya mai daidaitawa ya nuna ƙananan canje-canje kawai bayan UV60. Tsarin gaba mai daidaitawa ya ci gaba da lalacewa yayin da adadin UV ya ƙaru. Bisa ga takardar, matsakaicin rayuwar samfuran gaba ya ragu daga 2895.6 μs zuwa 1552.8 μs. Ƙarfin buɗe wutar lantarki ya faɗi daga 735.5 mV zuwa 715.2 mV. J0 na gefe ɗaya ya ƙaru zuwa 18.4 fA/cm², kusan sau uku na ƙimar sa ta farko.

Waɗannan sakamakon sun nuna cewa babban batun a ƙarƙashin UV60 ba rashin kwanciyar hankali na lambar sadarwa ta baya TOPCon poly-Si ba. Lalacewar ingancin kariya ne a cikin tsarin SiNx/Al2O3 na gefen gaba mai haske. Marubutan sun danganta kwanciyar hankalin gefen baya ga ɗaukar UV ta hanyar poly-Si mai kauri 120 nm. Wannan hanya ce mai ma'ana bisa tsarin da halayen ɗaukar haske, kodayake har yanzu fassarar matakin hanya ce.

Ma'auni uku sun goyi bayan ƙarshe ɗaya daga fannoni daban-daban. Ƙarancin rayuwa da ƙarancin iVoc suna nuna haɓakar haɗuwa a saman. Ƙaruwar J0 tana ba da shaida kai tsaye na ƙaruwar halin haɗuwa. Marubuta ba su dogara ga ma'auni ɗaya ba. Rayuwa, ƙarfin lantarki, da halin haɗuwa duk sun nuna lalacewar tsarin gaba, yayin da lanƙwasa kore da ke wakiltar tsarin baya sun kasance da ƙarfi.

Hoto 3: Canje-canje a rayuwa, ƙarfin lantarki mai buɗewa, da J0 na tsarin gaba da baya a ƙarƙashin hasken UV. Lanƙwasa ja na tsarin gaba sun nuna lalacewa mafi girma, suna nuna cewa rukunin SiNx/Al2O3 da ke haskakawa shine babban rauni.

ToF-SIMS ya nuna sake rarraba hydrogen da oxygen

Hotunan zurfin ToF-SIMS sun nuna cewa lalacewar saman gaba ba ta faruwa ta hanyar abu ɗaya kawai. A Hoto 4a, yawan hydrogen ya ƙaru bayan UV60, musamman a cikin SiNx. Marubuta suna ba da shawarar cewa wannan na iya faruwa ba kawai daga karyewar haɗin Si-H da aka saba tattaunawa ba, har ma daga karyewar haɗin N-H a cikin SiNx.

Hoto 4b ya nuna cewa rarraba iskar oxygen ma yana canzawa. Matsakaicin iskar oxygen a cikin Layer Al2O3 yana raguwa kadan, yayin da yake karuwa kusa da maɗaurin SiNx/Al2O3 da Al2O3/Si. Marubuta sun fassara wannan a matsayin sakamakon karyewar haɗin Al-O a cikin Al2O3, sannan ya biyo bayan yaduwar iskar oxygen da aka saki zuwa Layer SiNx da saman silicon.

Babban batu ba wai kawai akwai iskar oxygen da yawa ba. Oxygen yana barin asalin lattice ko yanayin haɗinsa kuma yana canza yanayin sinadarai na maɗaurin.

Wurin da kowane canjin lanƙwasa yake da mahimmanci. Ƙarfin siginar hydrogen a yankin SiNx yana nuna cewa fim ɗin rufin sama yana shiga cikin aikin kai tsaye. Canje-canjen oxygen kusa da maɗaurin suna nuna rashin kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai tsakanin Al2O3 da yadudduka masu kusa. Idan aka haɗa su, waɗannan sakamakon suna taimakawa bayyana dalilin da yasa lalacewar saman gaba ke shafar ingancin rufewa da kuma fitowar wutar lantarki ta ƙarshe.

Hoto 4: Rarraba zurfin ToF-SIMS na hydrogen da oxygen kafin da bayan UV60. Hydrogen yana karuwa a cikin tarin rufewa, yayin da oxygen ke sake rarrabawa kusa da maɗaurin, yana ba da alamu ga canje-canjen haɗin sinadarai da aka gano daga baya ta XPS.

XPS ya haɗa karyewar haɗin N-H, guraben oxygen, da ƙaruwar Al-OH

Fitar da XPS N 1s da aka daidaita ya nuna cewa rabon haɗin N-H a mahaɗin SiNx/Al2O3 ya ragu daga 9.64% zuwa 5.97%. Wannan yana goyan bayan ƙarshen marubuta cewa haɗin N-H suma suna shiga cikin sakin hydrogen. A lokaci guda, siginar N-H ta ƙaru kusa da saman SiNx, yana nuna cewa wasu daga cikin hydrogen da aka saka na iya yin ƙaura zuwa yankin SiNx kuma su samar da sabbin haɗi a can.

Canje-canjen O 1s na ɗaya daga cikin sassa mafi bambanta na binciken. Marubuta sun raba siginar O 1s zuwa oxygen na lattice, abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da oxygen-vacancy, da oxygen da aka ɗora a saman. Bayan UV60, rabon kololuwar da ke da alaƙa da oxygen-vacancy ya ƙaru a duka mahaɗin SiNx/Al2O3 da Al2O3/Si. Wannan yana nuna lalacewar ingancin fim ɗin Al2O3.

Shaidar tana faɗaɗa tsarin lalacewa fiye da asarar kariya ta hydrogen. Lalacewar da ke da alaƙa da hydrogen da oxygen suna aiki tare, suna ƙara haɗuwa a saman gaba.

ToF-SIMS da XPS suna ba da nau'ikan bayanai daban-daban. ToF-SIMS ya fi dacewa don nuna inda abubuwa suka rarraba ta cikin zurfin tarihin fim. XPS yana taimakawa wajen tantance yanayin sinadarai na waɗannan abubuwa. N-Si da N-H daidaitawa a cikin bakan N 1s, tare da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da lattice-oxygen da oxygen-vacancy a cikin bakan O 1s, suna ɗaukar bincike daga wurin abubuwa zuwa canje-canje a cikin haɗin sinadarai.

Marubutan sun nuna cewa haɗin Al-O yana da ƙarfin haɗi mai girma a cikin Al2O3 mai kyau na crystalline. Koyaya, ainihin fin ɗin kariya na hasken rana yawanci ba su da tsari. Ions aluminum da ba su da daidaito da oxygen vacancies na iya rage shingen makamashi na gida don karye haɗin. Saboda wannan dalili, har ma da photons a mafi tsayin gwajin na 400 nm, wanda yayi daidai da kusan 3.1 eV, na iya haifar da canje-canjen tsarin da ke da alaƙa da Al-O a cikin yanayi mai yawan lahani. Wannan fassarar tana haɗa lahani na bakin ciki kai tsaye da hankalin UV.

Hoto 5: Fitted N 1s da O 1s XPS spectra. Canje-canje a cikin haɗin N-H yayi daidai da sakin hydrogen da ƙaura. Ƙarar abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da oxygen-vacancy a cikin bakan O 1s yana nuna raguwar ingancin kariya na Al2O3.

Al2O3 Ba Mai Tsayayye Cikakke Ba ne

Hoto na 7 ya kara bin diddigin Al 2p da Si 2p a mahadar Al2O3/Si. Bayan UV60, rabon da aka ware ga bangaren Al2O3 ya ragu daga 69.99% zuwa 60.36%, yayin da Al-OH ya karu daga 30.01% zuwa 39.64%. Wannan yana nuna canji bayyananne na tsarin da ke da alaka da Al-O a karkashin hasken ultraviolet.

Sakamakon Si 2p ya nuna bayyanar da karuwar Si2+ bayan UV60, yayin da abubuwan da ke da alaka da Si, Si3+, da Si4+ suka ragu. Dangane da wadannan sakamakon, marubutan sun ba da shawarar cewa iskar oxygen da ke yaduwa zuwa mahadar Al2O3/Si na iya hada da silicon yayin da gibi na oxygen ke samuwa a cikin Layer na Al2O3. Hotunan XPS sun goyi bayan wannan fassarar, kodayake har yanzu ana bukatar bincike kai tsaye don tabbatar da ainihin hanyar daukar mataki.

Wannan binciken yana da muhimmanci ga amincin gaban TOPCon. Al2O3 an yi niyya ne don samar da kariya ta filin-tasiri da kwanciyar hankali a mahadar. Da zarar tsarin da ke da alaka da Al-O ya fara canzawa zuwa Al-OH, tare da yawan gibi na oxygen, fim din ya daina zama Layer na kariya kawai. Yana iya zama wani bangare na halayen lalacewa da kansa. Canje-canje a yanayin hadawar silicon kuma suna nuna cewa an canza sinadaran mahadar.

Hoto 6: Canje-canje a cikin Al 2p da Si 2p XPS spectra a mahadar Al2O3/Si. Juyar da tsarin Al2O3 zuwa Al-OH da canje-canje a yanayin oxidation na silicon sun nuna cewa halayen da ke da alaƙa da oxygen suna shiga cikin lalacewar saman gaba.

Asarar Wutar Lantarki A Ƙarshe Tana Bayyana a cikin Voc da Fill Factor

Da zarar yanayin sinadarai na tarin passivation ya canza, tasirin lantarki a matakin tantanin halitta ya bayyana. A cikin Hoto 8, EQE ya kasance da yawa barga a cikin matsakaici- da dogon zango na tsawon raƙuman ruwa amma yana raguwa a ƙasa da 500 nm. Reflectance ya kasance kusan baya canzawa. Wannan yana nuna cewa asarar amsawar gajeren zango na raƙuman ruwa yana faruwa ne ta hanyar sake haɗuwa mai ƙarfi a saman gaba maimakon tabarbarewar kwatsam a cikin texturing, aikin antireflection, ko ɗaukar haske.

Hoto 7: EQE da reflectance curves kafin da bayan UV60. Reflectance ya kasance kusan barga yayin da gajeren zango na raƙuman ruwa EQE ya ragu, yana nuna cewa asarar amsawar halin yanzu tana da alaƙa da ƙara yawan sake haɗuwa a saman gaba.

Ragewar EQE na gajeren zango ya yi daidai da karuwar J0 da aka gani a baya. Hasken gajeren zango yana shiga kusa da saman gaban tantanin halitta. Idan kariyar saman gaban ta lalace, masu ɗaukar kaya da aka samar a wannan yanki suna iya sake haɗuwa kafin a tattara su. Don haka asarar ta fara bayyana a kewayon EQE na gajeren zango. Hasken matsakaici da dogon zango yana shiga cikin zurfin jiki ko zuwa gefen baya, don haka canje-canjen amsawar sun fi ƙanƙanta.

Ma'aunin TLM ya nuna cewa juriyar tuntuɓar gaba ta ƙaru kusan daidai da adadin UV. Bayan UV60, ta kai 4.1 mΩ·cm², kusan sau 8.6 na ƙimarta ta farko. Marubutan sun ba da shawarar cewa hydrogen kyauta, oxygen kyauta, da radicals masu amsawa da aka samar yayin bayyanar UV na iya shiga cikin halayen a mahadar lantarki ta ƙarfe, yana ƙara juriyar tuntuɓar. Wannan bayanin ya yi daidai da ma'aunin juriya, kodayake ainihin samfuran halayen a mahadar lantarki har yanzu suna buƙatar ƙarin shaidar sinadarai kai tsaye.

Hoto 8: Juriya tuntuɓar gaba tana ƙaruwa tare da adadin bayyanar UV. Bayan UV60, juriyar tuntuɓar ta kai kusan sau 8.6 na ƙimarta ta farko, yana mai da shi muhimmin abin da ke taimakawa ga asarar ma'aunin cikawa.

An ba da rahoton raguwar dangi na ƙarshe na sigogin tantanin halitta kamar haka.

Ƙarshen wutar lantarki a bayyane yake. A ƙarƙashin UV60, manyan asarar TOPCon ba daga rage yawan wutar lantarki ba. Suna zuwa daga asarar Voc sakamakon lalacewar gaban fuska da asarar ƙarfin cikawa mai alaƙa da ƙaruwar juriyar tuntuɓar gaba.

Wannan kuma yana bayyana dalilin da yasa kallon Jsc kawai zai iya rage hasarar UV. Canjin EQE na gajeren zango, amma jimlar Jsc tana raguwa da kashi 0.64% kawai. Matsalolin sake haɗuwa da tuntuɓa suna haifar da babbar asarar inganci. A cikin sel TOPCon masu inganci, Voc da ƙarfin cikawa suna da matukar damuwa ga ingancin mu'amala, yanayin kariya, da aikin tuntuɓar ƙarfe. Waɗannan sigogi na iya fallasa raunin dogaro da wuri fiye da Jsc.

Hoto 9: Lalacewar dangi na Voc, Jsc, ƙarfin cikawa, da inganci a ƙarƙashin UV60. Ingantaccen yana raguwa da kashi 6.72%, wanda aka fi samu daga asarar Voc da ƙarfin cikawa, yayin da canjin Jsc ya kasance ƙarami.

Hanyar aiki da kimanta aikace-aikace

Hanyar da aka gabatar za a iya taƙaita kamar haka: Bayyanar UV yana canza yanayin haɗin gwiwa a cikin tsarin gaban SiNx/Al2O3. Haɗin Si-H da N-H suna karye kuma suna sakin hydrogen. Tsarin da ke da alaƙa da Al-O suna canzawa kuma oxygen vacancies suna samuwa. Oxygen kyauta yana ƙaura zuwa ga interfaces, sake haɗuwa da gaban-surface yana ƙaruwa, kuma halayen electrochemical a kusa da yankin tuntuɓar na iya ƙara juriyar tuntuɓar gaba.

Sakamakon lifetime, iVoc, J0, EQE, TLM, da I-V suna ba da goyon baya kai tsaye ga lalacewar lantarki. ToF-SIMS da XPS suna goyan bayan ƙaurawar hydrogen da oxygen da kuma canje-canjen da ke da alaƙa a cikin haɗin sinadarai. Fassarar tuntuɓar ƙarfen lantarki tana buƙatar ƙarin taka tsantsan. Takardar ta fi yin hasashen wannan hanyar daga mafi girman juriyar tuntuɓar da binciken da aka yi a baya. Rarraba abubuwa, ma'aunin yanayin sinadarai, ko nazarin ɓangaren tuntuɓar lantarki za a buƙaci don ƙarin tabbatarwa.

Don samar da masana'antu, takardar ita ce tunatarwa cewa amincin UV na TOPCon ba za a iya kimantawa ta hanyar ingancin tantanin halitta na farko kawai ba. Abubuwa da yawa na iya yin tasiri ga aikin makamashi na dogon lokaci:

• Ingancin kayan gaban SiNx/Al2O3 passivation stack

• Yawan hydrogen da kwanciyar hankali na haɗin Si-H da N-H

• Matsayin rashin iskar oxygen a cikin Layer Al2O3

• Tsayayyen hulɗar haɗin ƙarfe

• Tacewar UVA da UVB ta gilashin module da encapsulants

• Hulɗar tsakanin hasken ultraviolet, danshi, zafi, damuwa na inji, da filayen lantarki

Lokacin da aka yi la'akari da wannan bincike a matakin module, ainihin bakan da zai kai ga tantanin halitta zai sake tacewa ta gilashin da fim ɗin encapsulation. Danshi, damuwa na zafi, da filayen lantarki suma za su shiga cikin tsufa. Hanyoyin da aka ruwaito a cikin takardar sun fi amfani a matsayin jagora don inganta kayan aiki da tsari fiye da maye gurbin gwajin IEC ko bayanan filin na dogon lokaci.

Mataki mai mahimmanci na gaba shine a tantance sel marasa encapsulation, ƙananan modules masu encapsulation, da modules da aka fallasa a waje a cikin tsarin tabbatarwa guda ɗaya. Wannan zai sauƙaƙa sanin waɗanne canje-canjen sinadarai ke da mahimmanci bayan tacewar bakan na gaskiya da haɗin muhalli.

Hanyoyin inganta tsari masu yuwuwa sun haɗa da:

• Rage tushen hydrogen marasa ƙarfi a cikin gungu na gaba SiNx/Al2O3

• Inganta hanyar sadarwar Al2O3 amorphous da sarrafa guraben oxygen

• Haɓaka yanayin harbawa da ƙarfe don ingantacciyar kwanciyar hankali ta hanyar sadarwa

• Inganta juriya ga halayen da ke da alaƙa da iskar oxygen a kusa da haɗin ƙarfe na gaba

• Zaɓin kayan rufewa waɗanda ke rage tasirin kai tsaye na hasken UV mai ƙarfi a saman tantanin halitta

Takardar ba ta bayar da cikakkiyar mafita ba. Tana bayyana iyakokin matsalar a sarari kuma tana nuna cewa dole ne a yi la'akari da gyaran fuska na gaba da injiniyan haɗin kai tare.

Ƙarshen Bincike: Abin da Ake Bukatar Warwarewa na Gaba

Ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen fallasa UV60, marubutan sun nuna cewa tsarin SiNx/Al2O3 na gaba na sel TOPCon ya fi sauƙi ga lalacewa ta hanyar ultraviolet fiye da haɗin poly-Si na baya. Lalacewar ba ta faruwa ne ta hanyar wani abu ɗaya ba. Hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa da hydrogen, hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa da oxygen, da ƙarar juriyar haɗin gaba duk suna ba da gudummawa.

Muhimmancin wannan aikin yana cikin fadada bayanin lalacewar UV na TOPCon fiye da karyewar haɗin Si-H kadai. Yana gabatar da tsari mai faɗi na canjin sinadarai na gaban fuska. Rage haɗarin UVID zai buƙaci haɗin gwiwa na inganta tsarin kariya na gaba, guraben oxygen a fuskar sadarwa, sarrafa hydrogen, lambobin sadarwa na ƙarfe, da tace UV ta marufin module. Daidaita siga ɗaya kawai na fim ba zai isa ba.

Iyakokin ya kamata su kasance a bayyane. Samfuran ba a rufe su ba a ƙarƙashin yanayin UV da aka ruwaito, kuma wani ɓangare na tsarin lalacewar lambobin sadarwa na ƙarfe har yanzu yana da hasashe. Mafi kyawun fassara ita ce takardar ta nuna alaƙa bayyananne tsakanin canjin sinadarai da lalacewar lantarki a fuskar gaban TOPCon a ƙarƙashin hasken UV. Hakanan tana ba da takamaiman manufofi don nazarin dogon lokaci na aminci bayan rufewa.

Tushen Bayani

Lou, X., Yang, N., Fu, Z., Chen, D., Chen, Y., & Verlinden, P. J. (2026). Chemical composition evolution and electrical performance degradation of TOPCon solar cells under UV exposure. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 1–9.

Ra'ayin Ooitech

Sakon aiki mai sauƙi shine: kariyar gaba da ƙarfe ya kamata a ɗauke su azaman tsarin dogaro guda ɗaya, ba matakai daban-daban ba. Voc na farko mai ƙarfi bai isa ba idan hasken UV zai iya canza sinadarin Al2O3 kuma ya ƙara juriyar haɗin gaba a hankali. Tabbatarwa na gaba ya kamata ya haɗa gwajin UV a matakin tantanin halitta tare da gwajin ƙaramin tsari da aka rufe a ƙarƙashin gilashi da nau'ikan haske na gaskiya.