Gasar Aiki a Ƙarƙashin Haske Kaɗan: TOPCon, BC, da HJT Tare da Bayanan Gaskiya
Gabatarwa
Ƙarfin sunan ƙima ne da aka ƙididdige shi; amsawar ƙaramin haske shine aikin gaske. A yawancin yankuna na duniya, hasken rana yana ƙasa da 1000 W/m² fiye da kashi 90% na lokaci. Sa'o'i biyu ko uku kawai kusa da tsakar rana suna kusa da yanayin STC. Fitowar rana, faɗuwar rana, gizagizai, ruwan sama—sel suna ciyar da mafi yawan rayuwarsu a ƙarƙashin ƙaramin haske. Babban ingantaccen ƙima baya tabbatar da babban aiki na gaske. Yau muna nazarin amsawar ƙaramin haske: wanda ya ci nasara a kan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, wanda ya fi ƙarfi a filin, da yadda ake tantance ingancin ƙaramin haske na sel a kan layin samarwa.
Ilimin Kimiyyar Lissafi na Amsawar Ƙaramin Haske: Wanda Yake Zubewa da Haɗuwa Ƙasa
Daga da'irar daidaitaccen diode, tushen raguwar inganci a ƙarƙashin ƙaramin haske abu ne mai sauƙi: halin yanzu da aka samar da haske yana raguwa, amma zubewa da haɗuwa ba sa raguwa daidai gwargwado, don haka rabonsu na dangi yana ƙaruwa.
Mafi mahimmancin abu: juriya na shunt Rsh
A ƙarƙashin ƙaramin haske halin yanzu da aka samar da haske yana raguwa sosai, amma halin yanzu na zubewa yana tsayawa akai (ya dogara da ƙarfin lantarki da Rsh). Babban rabo na halin yanzu na zubewa yana jawo Voc ƙasa, wanda ke jawo FF ƙasa, wanda ke rage inganci.
Mafi girman Rsh (ƙarami mai zubewa), mafi kyawun amsawar ƙarancin haske. Wannan shine ainihin abin da ke haifar da hakan.
| Nau'in Cell | Halayen Rsh | Ayyukan Ƙarancin Haske |
|---|---|---|
| HJT | i-a-Si:H Layer na kariya mai kyau sosai, ƙarancin haɗuwa a fuska | Mafi Kyau |
| TOPCon | Rarraba tabbatacce da mara kyau a gaba da baya, ƙananan wuraren keɓewa, hanyoyin zubewa masu sarrafawa | Kyau |
| BC | Tsarin haɗin baya mai haɗaka, ramuka masu yawa na P⁺/N⁺, ƙara haɗarin zubewa a gefe | Mai Rauƙi |
Abu na biyu: ma'aunin inganci n
Ma'aunin inganci yana nuna tsarin haɗuwa: n=1 don ingantaccen halin yaduwa, n=2 lokacin da haɗuwa a yankin ƙarewa ta mamaye. Mafi girman n, mafi girman asarar haɗuwa a ƙarƙashin ƙaramin haske. Tsarin haɗin kariya na TOPCon yana ba da n≈1.1-1.2, haɗin PN na baya na BC yana da ƙarin hanyoyin haɗuwa a fuska a n≈1.2-1.4, kuma kariyar silikon amorphous na HJT tana da kyau a n≈1.0-1.1.
Juriya na jerin Rs ba shi da mahimmanci a nan. Asarar wutar lantarki a kan Rs shine I²R; a ƙarƙashin haske mara ƙarfi, igiyar wutar tana ƙanƙanta, don haka tasirinta yana raunana.
Dalilin da yasa BC ta fi rauni a ƙarƙashin haske mara ƙarfi: Dalili na Tsari
BC tana sanya duka ingantattun da marasa ingantattun lantarki a bayan, tana buƙatar ramuka masu yawa na keɓewa tsakanin yankunan P⁺ da N⁺ don samun rabuwar lantarki. Waɗannan ramuka suna kawo matsaloli biyu:
Haɗarin zubewar gefe: Tona rami na iya lalata tushen siliki kuma ya haifar da hanyoyin zubewa. Fuskar baya ta BC guda ɗaya tana ɗauke da ɗaruruwan ramukan keɓewa, kowanne hanya ce mai yuwuwar zubewa.
Haɗuwar fuska: Yankin fuskar P⁺/N⁺ na tsarin haɗin baya yana girma, yana ƙara wuraren haɗuwa kuma yana tura ma'aunin n zuwa sama.
Wannan ƙalubale ne na tsari na asali, ba tambayar 'wanene ya yi mummuna ba.' Inganta tsari (sarrafa yanayin rami, inganta matakan kariya) na iya taimakawa, amma tsarin yana sanya BC a cikin rashin fa'ida ta halitta a wannan batu.
Dalilin da yasa HJT ke yin aiki mafi kyau a ƙarƙashin ƙaramin haske shine akasin haka: matakin kariya na amorphous-silicon i-a-Si:H yana ba da kariya mai kyau na saman, ƙarancin yawan yanayin mu'amala, mafi girman Rsh, da mafi ƙarancin ma'aunin ideality.
Shaida daga Filin: TOPCon Ya Fi BC a Fitar da Watt a Ƙarƙashin Ƙaramin Haske
Bayanan filin daga cibiyoyin gwaji da yawa suna nuna hanya ɗaya:
| Cibiyar Gwaji | Wuri | Yanayi | TOPCon vs BC Riba a Ƙarƙashin Ƙaramin Haske |
|---|---|---|---|
| CPVT | Yinchuan, Ningxia | Lokutan ƙaramin haske na safe/magriba | Gajimare +3.89%, rana +2.33% |
| CPVT | Yinchuan, Ningxia | Ƙaramin haske matsananci (0-100 W/m²) | +4.38% |
| TÜV Nord | Kagoshima, Japan | <400 W/m² | +10.79% |
| TÜV Rheinland | Chengdu | Kwanaki 90% gajimare/ruwa | +2.37%, safe/magriba kololuwa +7.18% |
| CGC | Hainan | Kwanaki 127 ciki har da kwanaki 76 na ruwan sama | +7.83% |
| State Grid | Zhangbei | 200 W/m² | +2.6% |
A ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙarancin haske, fitarwa ta kowace watt na TOPCon ta fi na BC, kuma ƙarancin haske, mafi girman tazarar.
Amma bambancin a cikin hanyar fasaha ɗaya ma yana da girma. Gwajin kwatanta masu samarwa da yawa ta Carbon Search Evaluation Lab ya nuna samfuran BC suna rasa 2.78% zuwa 6.57% a 200 W/m² ƙarancin haske, yayin da TOPCon ke daga 2.14% zuwa 4.72%. Tazarar tsakanin "mafi kyawun samfuran" na fasahohin uku ta yi ƙanƙanta fiye da tazarar tsakanin "kyawawan samfura da marasa kyau" a cikin hanya ɗaya.
Abin da za a ɗauka daga samarwa: lokacin zaɓar, matakin tsari na masana'anta yana da mahimmanci kamar zaɓin hanyar fasaha.
Kada Ku Rarraba Matsayin Zazzabi Da Amsar Ƙarancin Hasken Rana
Matsayin zazzabi da amsar ƙarancin haske sigogi ne masu zaman kansu guda biyu, amma ana iya haɗa su cikin sauƙi.
| Parameter | Yanayin da Ya Dace | HJT | TOPCon | BC |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ma'aunin zafin jiki | Yanayin zafin jiki mai girma (module >50°C) | -0.24%/℃ | -0.29%/℃ | -0.26%/℃ |
| Amsa haske mara ƙarfi | Yanayin haske mara ƙarfi (<400 W/m²) | Mafi Kyau | Kyau | Mai Rauƙi |
A ranar zafi mai yawa, lokacin rani mai gajimare, zafin jiki mai girma da haske mara ƙarfi suna haɗuwa, kuma HJT tana jagorantar duka biyun, yana ƙara fa'idarta. A ranar sanyi mai gajimare, zafin jiki mai ƙarancin yana rage tasirin ma'aunin zafin jiki, kuma amsa haske mara ƙarfi ta ɗauki jagoranci. Kada ku yi amfani da ma'aunin zafin jiki don bayyana aikin haske mara ƙarfi, kuma kada ku yi hasashen ma'aunin zafin jiki daga aikin haske mara ƙarfi—su biyun abubuwa ne na zahiri daban-daban.
Haɓaka haske mara ƙarfi da juriyar UVID ba su da hani na zahiri da juna. Haske mara ƙarfi ya dogara da hanyoyin asarar lantarki (Rsh, n), yayin da UVID ya dogara da kwanciyar hankali na kayan (haɗin sinadarai na Layer passivation, fim ɗin encapsulant). Ana iya inganta su daban ta hanyar haɓaka mai zaman kansa.
Yadda ake tantance ingancin haske mara ƙarfi na cell akan layin samarwa
Mafi kyawun alama: juriyar shunt Rsh.
A cikin gwajin I-V, mafi girman Rsh na tantanin halitta, mafi yuwuwar yin aiki mai kyau a ƙarƙashin haske kaɗan. Idan wani rukuni ya nuna rarraba Rsh mai faɗi tare da babban rabo na ƙananan Rsh, fitowar ƙaramin haske tabbas zai sha wahala.
Bayanan kula na musamman ga layukan BC: tantanin halitta da ke nuna wurare masu haske marasa kyau a yankunan isolation-trench akan hotunan EL suna da yuwuwar samun ƙaramin Rsh. Wannan yayi daidai da "trench edge leakage" da aka ambata a baya—matsalar da tsarin yake da ita ta halitta.
Layukan TOPCon: Rsh sama da 1000 Ω·cm² gabaɗaya al'ada ce; ƙasa da 500 yana buƙatar bincika keɓewar gefe ko pinholes a cikin layin passivation. Tantannin da ke da kyakkyawan hali na ƙaramin haske yawanci suna nuna Rsh sama da 3000.
Layukan HJT: Rsh yana da girma ta halitta, kuma sama da 5000 ya zama ruwan dare. Amma ƙaramin Rsh akan tantanin HJT yawanci yana nufin wani abu ya yi kuskure a mahadar TCO da a-Si:H.
Takaitawa
Littafin kimiyyar lissafi na amsawar haske mara ƙarfi: HJT ita ce mafi kyau, TOPCon tana da kyau, BC tana fuskantar ƙalubalen tsari. Littafin filin: a ƙarƙashin haske mara ƙarfi, fitowar TOPCon a kowace watt tana wuce ta BC, kuma ƙarancin haske, mafi girman tazarar. Amma kada ku yi hukunci ta hanyar fasaha kaɗai—tazarar tsakanin samfuran nagari da marasa kyau a kan hanya ɗaya ta fi girma fiye da tazarar tsakanin hanyoyin.
Tushen bayanai: Gwajin filin CPVT Yinchuan (2025), gwajin filin TÜV Nord Kagoshima, gwajin filin TÜV Rheinland Chengdu, gwajin filin CGC Hainan, gwajin filin State Grid Zhangbei, gwajin kwatanta masu samarwa da yawa na Carbon Search Evaluation Lab (2025).
Ra'ayin Ooitech: Fitowar haske mara ƙarfi a zahiri, ba ingancin suna ba, shine ma'aunin gaskiya na tantanin hasken rana, kuma juriyar shunt ita ce kawai abin da ke yanke shawara mafi yawa.
