Gasar Aiki a Ƙarƙashin Haske Mai Rarrauna: TOPCon, BC, da HJT Tare da Bayanan Duniya na Gaskiya
Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
Gabatarwa
Ƙarfin suna ƙima ce da aka ƙididdige; amsawar ƙaramin haske shine aikin gaske. A yawancin yankuna na duniya, hasken rana yana ƙasa da 1000 W/m² fiye da kashi 90% na lokaci. Sa'o'i biyu ko uku kawai kusa da tsakar rana suna kusa da yanayin STC. Fitowar rana, faɗuwar rana, gajimare, ruwan sama—sel suna cikin aiki mafi yawan rayuwarsu a ƙarƙashin ƙaramin haske. Babban ingancin da aka ƙididdige baya tabbatar da babban aiki a zahiri. Yau muna nazarin amsawar ƙaramin haske: wanda ya fi nasara a ilimin kimiyya, wanda ya fi ƙarfi a filin aiki, da yadda ake tantance ingancin ƙaramin haske na sel a kan layin samarwa.
Ilimin Kimiyya na Amsawar Ƙaramin Haske: Wanda Ya Fi Zubewa da Haɗuwa Kaɗan
Daga da'irar daidaitaccen diode, tushen raguwar inganci a ƙarƙashin ƙaramin haske abu ne mai sauƙi: ƙarfin wutar lantarki da aka samar daga haske yana raguwa, amma zubewa da haɗuwa ba sa raguwa daidai gwargwado, don haka rabonsu na dangi yana ƙaruwa.
Mafi mahimmancin abu: juriyar shunt Rsh
A ƙarƙashin ƙaramin haske ƙarfin wutar lantarki da aka samar daga haske yana raguwa sosai, amma ƙarfin zubewa yana kasancewa kusan daidai (ya dogara da ƙarfin lantarki da Rsh). Babban rabo na ƙarfin zubewa yana jawo Voc ƙasa, wanda ke jawo FF ƙasa, wanda ke rage inganci.
Mafi girman Rsh (ƙaramiyar zubarwa), mafi kyawun amsawar ƙaramin haske. Wannan shine ainihin abin da ke haifar da hakan.
| Nau'in Cell | Halayen Rsh | Ayyukan Ƙaramin Haske |
|---|---|---|
| HJT | i-a-Si:H rufin rufi mai kyau sosai, ƙarancin sake haɗuwa a fuskar sadarwa | Mafi Kyau |
| TOPCon | Rarraba tabbatacce da mara kyau a gaba da baya, ƙananan wuraren keɓewa, hanyoyin zubarwa masu sarrafawa | Kyau |
| BC | Tsarin haɗin baya mai haɗaɗɗiya, ramuka da yawa na keɓe P⁺/N⁺, ƙara haɗarin zubarwa a gefe | Mai Rauƙi |
Abu na biyu: ma'aunin inganci n
Ma'aunin inganci yana nuna tsarin sake haɗuwa: n=1 don ingantaccen halin yaduwa, n=2 lokacin da sake haɗuwa a yankin raguwa ya mamaye. Mafi girma n, mafi nauyin asarar sake haɗuwa a ƙarƙashin ƙaramin haske. Tsarin sadarwa mai rufi na TOPCon yana ba da n≈1.1-1.2, haɗin baya na BC yana da ƙarin hanyoyin sake haɗuwa a fuskar sadarwa a n≈1.2-1.4, kuma rufin siliki mara tsari na HJT yana da kyau a n≈1.0-1.1.
Juriya na jerin Rs ba shi da mahimmanci a nan. Asarar wutar lantarki a kan Rs shine I²R; a ƙarƙashin haske mara ƙarfi, igiyar wutar tana ƙanƙanta, don haka tasirinta yana raunana.
Dalilin da yasa BC Ta Fi Rauni a Ƙarƙashin Haske Mara Ƙarfi: Dalili na Tsari
BC tana sanya duka ingantattun da marasa ingantattun wutar lantarki a bayan, tana buƙatar ramuka masu yawa na keɓewa tsakanin yankunan P⁺ da N⁺ don samun rabuwar wutar lantarki. Waɗannan ramuka suna kawo matsaloli biyu:
Haɗarin zubewar gefe: Yin rami na iya lalata tushen siliki kuma ya haifar da hanyoyin zubewa. Fuskar baya ta BC ɗaya tana ɗauke da ɗaruruwan ramukan keɓewa, kowanne yana iya zama hanyar zubewa.
Haɗuwar fuska: Yankin fuska P⁺/N⁺ na tsarin haɗin baya yana girma, yana ƙara wuraren haɗuwa kuma yana tura ma'aunin n zuwa sama.
Wannan ƙalubale ne na tsari na asali, ba tambayar 'wanene ya yi mummuna ba.' Inganta tsari (sarrafa yanayin rami, inganta matakan kariya) na iya taimakawa, amma tsarin yana sanya BC a cikin rashin fa'ida ta halitta a kan wannan batu.
Dalilin da yasa HJT ke yin aiki mafi kyau a ƙarƙashin haske kaɗan shine akasin haka: matakin kariya na amorphous-silicon i-a-Si:H yana ba da kariya mai kyau na saman, ƙarancin yawan yanayin haɗin gwiwa, mafi girman Rsh, da mafi ƙarancin ma'aunin ideality.
Shaida daga Filin: TOPCon Ya Fi BC a Fitar da Watt a Ƙarƙashin Haske Kaɗan
Bayanan filin daga cibiyoyin gwaji da yawa suna nuna hanya ɗaya:
| Cibiyar Gwaji | Wuri | Yanayi | Ribar TOPCon vs BC a Ƙarƙashin Haske Kaɗan |
|---|---|---|---|
| CPVT | Yinchuan, Ningxia | Lokutan haske kaɗan na safe/magriba | Gajimare +3.89%, rana +2.33% |
| CPVT | Yinchuan, Ningxia | Ƙarƙashin haske mai tsanani (0-100 W/m²) | +4.38% |
| TÜV Nord | Kagoshima, Japan | <400 W/m² | +10.79% |
| TÜV Rheinland | Chengdu | Kwanaki 90% gajimare/ruwa | +2.37%, safe/magriba kololuwa +7.18% |
| CGC | Hainan | Kwanaki 127 ciki har da kwanaki 76 na ruwan sama | +7.83% |
| State Grid | Zhangbei | 200 W/m² | +2.6% |
A ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙarancin haske, fitowar kowace watt na TOPCon ta fi na BC, kuma ƙarancin haske, mafi girman tazarar.
Amma bambancin a cikin hanyar fasaha ɗaya ma yana da girma. Gwajin kwatanta masu samarwa da yawa daga Carbon Search Evaluation Lab ya nuna samfuran BC suna rasa 2.78% zuwa 6.57% a 200 W/m² ƙarancin haske, yayin da TOPCon ya kama daga 2.14% zuwa 4.72%. Tazarar tsakanin "mafi kyawun samfura" na fasahohin uku ta yi ƙanƙanta fiye da tazarar tsakanin "kyawawan samfura da marasa kyau" a cikin hanyar ɗaya.
Abin da za a ɗauka daga samarwa: lokacin zaɓar, matakin tsari na masana'anta yana da mahimmanci kamar zaɓin hanyar fasaha.
Kada Ku Rarraba Matsayin Zazzabi Da Amsar Ƙarancin Hasken Rana
Matsayin zazzabi da amsar ƙarancin haske sigogi ne guda biyu masu zaman kansu, amma ana iya haɗa su cikin sauƙi.
| Parameter | Yanayin Da Ya Dace | HJT | TOPCon | BC |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Matsakaicin zafin jiki | Yanayin zafi mai girma (module >50°C) | -0.24%/℃ | -0.29%/℃ | -0.26%/℃ |
| Amsa haske mara ƙarfi | Yanayin haske mara ƙarfi (<400 W/m²) | Mafi Kyau | Kyau | Mai Rauƙi |
A ranar zafi mai zafi, rana mai gajimare, zafi mai girma da haske mara ƙarfi suna haɗuwa, kuma HJT tana kan gaba a duka biyun, yana ƙara fa'idarta. A ranar sanyi mai gajimare, zafi mara ƙarfi yana rage tasirin matsakaicin zafin jiki, kuma amsa haske mara ƙarfi ta ɗauki jagoranci. Kada ku yi amfani da matsakaicin zafin jiki don bayyana aikin haske mara ƙarfi, kuma kada ku ƙididdige matsakaicin zafin jiki daga aikin haske mara ƙarfi—su biyun adadin jiki ne daban-daban.
Inganta haske mara ƙarfi da juriyar UVID ba su da hani na zahiri da ke hana juna. Haske mara ƙarfi ya dogara da hanyoyin asarar lantarki (Rsh, n), yayin da UVID ya dogara da kwanciyar hankali na kayan (haɗin sinadarai na Layer passivation, fim ɗin encapsulant). Ana iya inganta su daban ta hanyar inganta kowane ɗayan.
Yadda ake tantance ingancin haske mara ƙarfi na tantanin rana a layin samarwa
Alamar mafi kai tsaye: juriyar shunt Rsh.
A cikin gwajin I-V, mafi girman Rsh na tantanin halitta, mafi yuwuwar yin aiki mai kyau a ƙarƙashin haske kaɗan. Idan wani rukuni ya nuna rarraba Rsh mai faɗi tare da babban rabo na ƙananan Rsh, fitowar ƙaramin haske tabbas zai yi rauni.
Bayanan kula na musamman ga layukan BC: tantanin halitta da ke nuna wurare masu haske marasa kyau a yankunan isolation-trench akan hotunan EL suna da yuwuwar samun ƙaramin Rsh. Wannan yana dacewa da "trench edge leakage" da aka ambata a baya—matsalar da tsarin yake da ita ta halitta.
Layukan TOPCon: Rsh sama da 1000 Ω·cm² gabaɗaya al'ada ce; ƙasa da 500 yana buƙatar bincika keɓewar gefe ko pinholes a cikin layin passivation. Tantanan halitta masu kyakkyawan hali a ƙarƙashin haske kaɗan yawanci suna nuna Rsh sama da 3000.
Layukan HJT: Rsh yana da girma ta halitta, kuma sama da 5000 ya zama ruwan dare. Amma ƙaramin Rsh akan tantanin HJT yawanci yana nufin wani abu ya yi kuskure a mahadar TCO da a-Si:H.
Takaitawa
Lissafin kimiyyar lissafi na amsawar haske mara ƙarfi: HJT shine mafi kyau, TOPCon yana da kyau, BC yana fuskantar ƙalubalen tsari. Lissafin filin: a ƙarƙashin haske mara ƙarfi, fitowar TOPCon a kowace watt ya fi na BC, kuma ƙarancin haske, mafi girman tazarar. Amma kada ku yi hukunci ta hanyar fasaha kaɗai—tazarar tsakanin samfuran masu kyau da marasa kyau a hanya ɗaya ta fi girma fiye da tazarar tsakanin hanyoyi.
Tushen bayanai: Gwajin filin CPVT Yinchuan (2025), gwajin filin TÜV Nord Kagoshima, gwajin filin TÜV Rheinland Chengdu, gwajin filin CGC Hainan, gwajin filin State Grid Zhangbei, gwajin kwatanta masu samarwa da yawa na Carbon Search Evaluation Lab (2025).
Ra'ayin Ooitech: Fitowar haske mara ƙarfi a zahiri, ba ingancin suna ba, shine ma'aunin gaskiya na tantanin rana, kuma juriyar shunt ita ce kawai abin da ke yanke shawara mafi yawa.
