Gabatarwa

Wani abin mamaki: babban cikas ga 'mafarkin sararin samaniya' na perovskite ba radiyon cosmic ba ne — amma canjin zafi na digiri da dama da tauraron dan adam ke fuskanta yayin da yake kewaya duniya sau 15 a rana. Kusan daidai da canjin zafi da tsarin crystalline silicon ke fuskanta a gwajin TC.

Kwanaki kaɗan da suka wuce wani abokina da ke aiki kan tsarin wutar lantarki na tauraron dan adam ya tambaye ni: "Ku masu PV kuna ci gaba da magana game da yadda perovskite yake da inganci. Za a iya amfani da shi a kan ƙananan tauraron dan adam? Yana da nauyi, yana da ƙarfin wuta mai yawa."

Na ce: "Kada ka yi gaggawar kallon inganci. Shin ka san yawan girgizar zafi da tauraron dan adam ke fuskanta a cikin kwana ɗaya a sararin samaniya?"

Ya ce: "Ashe ba zafi ne da rana kuma sanyi da dare ba?"

"Ee, amma ka san yadda sauri yake yin zafi daga -80°C zuwa +80°C?"

Ya yi tunani: "Digiri kaɗan a minti daya?"

"Bayanan da aka auna: 6.77°C a minti daya. Wasu dakunan gwaje-gwaje, don kwaikwayi yanayin sararin samaniya, suna tura shi kai tsaye zuwa 16°C a minti daya."

Ya dakata: "Shin perovskite zai iya jure wannan?"

"Ba zai iya ba. Akwai sabuwar takarda a cikin mujallar 'yar uwar Nature da ke nazarin wannan daidai."

Wannan takarda (Energy & Environmental Science, DOI:10.1039/d5ee03704b) haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin UNSW, KRICT na Koriya, da Jami'ar Surrey ta Burtaniya. Sun yi amfani da bayanan tauraron dan adam na gaske don ayyana ma'aunin gwaji, sannan suka jefa perovskite a cikin dakin girgizar zafi na -80°C zuwa +80°C na zagaye 100 don ganin abin da zai tsira.

Bari in bayyana wannan a cikin harshen PV mai sauƙi.

Girgizar Zafi a Sararin Samaniya Ya Fi Zatonka Tsanani

A cikin Ƙananan Kewayar Duniya (LEO, tsayi 200-2000 km), tauraron dan adam yana kewaya Duniya kusan sau 15 a rana. Kowace kewayawa tana bi ta canji daga hasken rana zuwa inuwar Duniya sannan ta koma hasken rana.

Yaya saurin wannan tsari yake?

Dubi Hoto 2c: bayanan da aka auna daga tauraron dan adam NOAA-21 — daga inuwa zuwa hasken rana, yawan zafi shine 6.77°C/minti. Daga hasken rana zuwa inuwa, yawan sanyaya yana da sauƙi, kusan 1.89°C/minti (saboda zafi yana tarwatsewa ta hanyar radiation, wanda yake a hankali).

Wannan yawan yana da sau 4 fiye da 1.67°C/minti da ake buƙata ta ma'aunin IEC 61215 na ƙasa.

Yanayin zafin saman tauraron dan adam an auna shi daga -90°C zuwa +80°C (Hoto 1b). Matsayin cancantar ECSS (Haɗin Kan Turai don Ƙayyadaddun Sararin Samaniya) ya fi faɗi: -175°C zuwa +125°C.

Don haka wannan takarda ta ayyana yanayin gwajin gaggawa mai zuwa (Hoto 2d):

• Yanayin zafi: -80°C ↔ +80°C

• Yawan hawan: 16°C/minti

• Adadin zagayawa: 100

16°C/min shine sau 2.4 na ma'aunin NOAA-21. Wannan ba 'simulation' ba ne — yana da tsufa mai sauri, ta amfani da yanayi mai tsauri don fallasa raunin kayan.

Me Yake Faruwa ga Perovskite a Ƙarƙashin Girgizar Zafi

Kayan da suka yi amfani da shi shine FAPbI₃, ɗayan mafi girman ingancin tsarin perovskite guda ɗaya (ingancin lab >27%). Amma FAPbI₃ yana da rauni mai mutuwa: yana da metastable a zafin jiki kuma yana canzawa daga α phase (baƙi, mai aiki) zuwa δ phase (rawaya, mara aiki).

Don daidaita α phase, ana ƙara ɗan MAPbBr₃. Takardar ta gwada hudu: 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, da 7%.

Dubi simulation na kwayoyin halitta (Hoto 3a): dumama FAPbI₃ daga -80°C zuwa 80°C, lattice constant yana girma, PbI₆ octahedra sun fara karkata, kuma FA ion displacement yana ƙaruwa — tsarin yana 'rawar jiki.'

Yanzu dubi XRD bayan zagayowar girgizar zafi 100 (Hoto 3c-d):

Ƙarshe: ƙara kaɗan (1-5%) yana daidaita α phase, amma ƙara da yawa (7%) yana haifar da PbI₂, wanda ya fi muni.

Yanzu duba KPFM (Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy) mai auna ƙarfin saman (Figure 4):

• Samfurin 1%: bayan girgizar zafi, bambancin ƙarfin tsakanin hatsi yana ƙaruwa, yana nuna iyakokin hatsi sun zama wuraren sake haɗuwa

• Samfurin 5%: bayan girgizar zafi, rarraba ƙarfin ya fi daidaito kuma lalacewa ta yi ƙanƙanta

Takardar ta yi amfani da SPV (Surface Photovoltage) don auna wannan — mafi girman SPV, mafi kyawun rabuwar masu ɗaukar hoto. SPV na samfurin 5% ya kai kusan sau 1.5 na samfurin 1%.

An Yi Su a Cikin Kwayoyin, Nawa Ya Rage

Sun gina cikakken tsarin tantanin halitta: ITO/SnO₂/perovskite/PEAI/PTAA/Au, an rufe shi da injin kuma an jefa shi cikin ɗakin girgizar zafi.

Sakamako (Figure 5b):

Samfurin 5%, bayan ya tsira daga zagaye 100 na girgizar zafi -80°C ↔ +80°C, har yanzu yana riƙe da kusan 80% na ingancinsa.

Dubi J-V curves (Figure 5c-d):

• Samfurin 1%: Jsc da FF sun ragu sosai

• Samfurin 5%: siffar lanƙwasa ta fi kiyayewa sosai

EQE (Hoto 5e-f) ya tabbatar: samfurin 1% ya ragu a duk faɗin band, yayin da samfurin 5% ya ragu kaɗan kawai a yankin dogon zango (700-800nm) — mai yiwuwa saboda rashin daidaituwar faɗaɗa thermal na mu'amala.

Yaya Yake Aiki a Tsayin 35 km

Bayan gwaje-gwajen lab, suna buƙatar wani abu na gaske. Tare da haɗin gwiwa da Jami'ar Pisa a Italiya, sun aika da sel zuwa tsayin 35 km a kan balloon mai tsayi (Hoto 6a).

A wannan tsayin, matsin yanayi shine kawai 2% na matakin ƙasa, yawan iska shine 1.5%, zafin jiki na iya kaiwa -40°C, kuma sel suna fuskantar hasken UV na kusa da sararin samaniya da kuma bakan AM0.

Sakamako (Hoto 6f):

• Samfurin 1%: PCE yana raguwa a hankali yayin da tsayi ya tashi

• Samfurin 5%: PCE a zahiri yana tashi yayin da tsayi ya karu

Me yasa samfurin 5% yake aiki mafi kyau a tsayi mai tsayi? Yayin da tsayi ya tashi, hasken rana yana karuwa kuma Jsc ya kamata ya karu a layi. Amma gangaren karuwar Jsc na samfurin 1% shine kawai 0.00016, yayin da na samfurin 5% shine 0.00364 — bambanci na girman oda.

Wannan yana nuna samfurin 1% yana fama da mummunar haɗuwa mara radiyo — masu ɗaukar hoto suna haɗiye ta lahani na iyakar hatsi kafin ma su fito. Bayanan KPFM SPV sun riga sun nuna wannan sakamakon.

Abubuwan da za a ɗauka ga Injiniyoyin Layin Samarwa

Kada ku kalli inganci kawai — ku kalli yadda zai iya jurewa

Wannan takarda tana ba da tsarin gwaji mai ƙarfi: yi amfani da girgizar zafi mai sauri 16°C/min don tsufa mai sauri, sannan yi amfani da balloon mai tsayi don tabbatarwa kusa da sararin samaniya.

Ba mu gina tauraron dan adam ba, amma wannan hanyar tana canjawa — lokacin kimanta sabbin kayan aiki da sabbin matakai, yi la'akari da yin amfani da saurin hawan zafi don 'gwajin damuwa' don fallasa matsalolin iyaka da hatsi da wuri.

Hanyoyin daidaitawa na iya kawo sabbin matsaloli

Ƙara MAPbBr₃ zuwa FAPbI₃ yana daidaita α lokaci. Amma ƙara da yawa (7%) yana sa PbI₂ ya yi hazo kuma ya sa abubuwa su yi muni.

Wannan ita ce ma'ana ɗaya da zaɓin fim ɗin rufewa — babu wani girke-girke na duniya, kawai 'ma'auni.' Lokacin zaɓe, ba za ku iya kallon 'ko akwai' kawai ba — dole ne ku kalli 'nawa.'

Bayanan dakin gwaje-gwaje da bayanan tsayi sun yi daidai

Mafi ƙarfi ɓangaren wannan takarda shine cewa bambancin SPV da KPFM ta auna zai iya hasashen bambancin Jsc slope, kuma faɗuwar EQE a cikin dogon zango yana dacewa da rashin daidaituwar faɗaɗa thermal a kan iyaka.

Kyakkyawan binciken gazawa ya kamata ya ba ku damar amfani da kayan aikin lab don hasashen aikin filin a gaba.

Tsayayyen silicon shine mafi girman kariyarsa

Dubi yanayin gwajin wannan takarda: -80°C zuwa +80°C, zagaye 100, 16°C/minti.

Wannan har yanzu bai kai ma'aunin ECSS ba, amma ya riga ya zama na yau da kullun ga silicon crystalline. A gwajin TC200 (zagaye 200 na thermal) daga -40°C zuwa +85°C, silicon crystalline yana kasawa idan lalacewa ta wuce 2%.

Don perovskite ya maye gurbin silicon crystalline, bai isa ya kama inganci ba - dole ne ya tsira shekaru 25 a ƙarƙashin ma'aunin gwaji iri ɗaya.

Zaɓen Mu'amala

Shin kun yarda perovskite zai tafi sararin samaniya?

Ku bar ra'ayoyinku a cikin sharhi.

Bayanin Magana

• Take: Zuwa ga hasken rana na perovskite da ya dace da sararin samaniya: jagororin juriya ga girgizar thermal da gwajin balloon kusa da sararin samaniya

• Shekara: 2026

• DOI: 10.1039/d5ee03704b

Ra'ayin Ooitech

Ooitech ta yi imani: hanyar perovskite zuwa sararin samaniya ba ta dogara da neman inganci ba, amma ta rayuwa ta mugunyar girgizar zafi — kuma wannan juriya, ba inganci ba, shine ainihin ma'aunin darajar tantanin rana.