EVA, POE ko EPE: Zaɓin Encapsulant ta Yanayin Rashin Nasara

Amsa mai sauri: Babu encapsulant da ke yin dukkan ayyukansa biyar da kyau, kuma wannan ita ce dukan shawarar. EVA mai bayyana yana haɗuwa cikin sauƙi kuma yana lamination a cikin faffadan lokaci, sannan yana hydrolyze zuwa acetic acid a ƙarƙashin zafi mai ɗanɗano kuma yana wucewa kusan 25 g/m²·24h na tururin ruwa a 38 °C da 90 % RH. POE yana wucewa kusan 3 g/m²·24h, yana riƙe da ƙarfin juriya na girma sau ɗaya zuwa biyu fiye da EVA kuma ba ya samar da acid, amma ba shi da polarity, don haka mannewa da kwanciyar hankali na abubuwan ƙari sun dogara da ƙirƙira, kuma lokacin lamination ɗinsa ɗan ƙarami ne. EPE yana tara fatun EVA a kan cibiyar POE kuma yana tsayawa tsakanin su biyun ba tare da zama jimillar su ba. Don haka ambaci gazawar da kake yin inshora da ita kafin ka ambaci resin: delamination, yin rawaya da asarar wuta, PID, lalata layin grid da hanyoyin katantanwa, ko tsagewa da motsin tantanin halitta. Kowanne nau'in fim yana saya kariya daga ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan kuma yana biya a wani wuri dabam. Teburan da ke ƙasa suna taswirar yanayin gazawa a kan nau'ikan fim kuma suna sanya farashi a kan kowace ciniki.

Modules biyu suna barin layi ɗaya a rana ɗaya, ɗaya a kan POE ɗayan kuma a kan EVA. Shekaru biyar bayan haka ɗayan ya delaminate tare da layukan ribbon ɗin ɗayan kuma bai yi ba.

Ayyuka biyar a cikin laminate, hanyoyi biyar da yake gazawa

Module mai girman 2382×1134 mm yana ɗaukar kusan 2.70 m² na fim a kowane gefe, don haka yadudduka biyu suna kai kusan 5.4 m² da 2.2 zuwa 2.7 kg a ma'aunin gram na yau da kullum, idan aka kwatanta da adadin masana'antu na kusan miliyan 10 m² a kowace GW. Yana yin ayyuka biyar a lokaci guda, kuma kowanne yana da gazawar da ke bayyana shekaru bayan haka, lokacin da laminate ɗin ba ya iya gyarawa.

Fim ɗin yana taɓa gilashi, silicon, ribbon da backsheet a lokaci guda kuma ba za a iya maye gurbinsa ba. Gazawarsa ana ganinsa a matsayin gazawar module, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa tambaya mai amfani ba ita ce wace fim ta fi kyau ba.

• Haɗawa yana ƙayyade ƙarfin peel a mu'amalar gilashi da backsheet, kuma abin da ake la'akari shine riƙewa bayan damp heat da UV ba ƙimar ranar farko ba. Gazawa ita ce delamination, ƙofa ga ruwa kafin ta zama asarar wuta.
• Watsawa ta ƙunshi transmittance, yanke UV da ma'aunin yellowness. Gazawa ita ce yin rawaya da asarar wutar da ke bayanta, da kuma tunanin mu'amala a duk inda rami ya maye gurbin polymer da iska.
• Rufi shine volume resistivity da jurewar dielectric. Gazawa ita ce PID da ruwan ɗigowa na yanzu a wutar lantarki na tsarin.
• Shinge shine adadin watsa tururin ruwa da sakin acid. Rashin nasara shine lalacewar layin grid da ribbon, hauhawar juriya ta jerin, da kuma waƙoƙin duhu da filin ke kira snail trails.
• Buffering shine matakin cure, modulus da shrinkage. Rashin nasara shine microcracks, karyewa, da sel da suke motsi yayin da fim ɗin har yanzu yake narkakke.

Duk biyar suna aiki da maɓalli ɗaya: matakin cure. Fim ɗin da ba a cika cure ba yana rarrafe idan ya yi zafi, kuma mannewa da cushioning suna raguwa tare da shi. Fim ɗin da ya wuce cure yana juya ya zama mai karyewa kuma mannewa yana raguwa kuma. Shi ya sa gel content ke zama a cikin incoming inspection da kuma a cikin sarrafa recipe a lokaci ɗaya, kuma shi ya sa fim ɗin da ya wuce gwajin peel a ranar farko zai iya delaminate a shekara ta huɗu.

Tebur ɗin bincike na baya

Karanta tebur ɗin daga rashin nasarar da kake inshora da ita, baya zuwa ga kayan: tsarin da injiniyan aminci ke tunani da shi, kuma juyin kundin tsari.

Layuka biyu sun cancanci yin bayani. Tsage-tsage suna amsa wa wani sabani: fim mai laushi wanda zai iya kwantar da tantanin 130 µm, tare da silicon a 3 ppm/K a kan jan ƙarfe a 17 ppm/K, shi ma yana da laushi wanda zai bar igiyar ta yi yawo yayin da take narkakke. Kuma layin rabuwa shi ne inda ake zargin fim ɗin da injin, domin wani fanko a gefen layin ribbon na iya farawa daga saurin hawa, matakin vacuum ko saman gilashi kamar yadda zai iya farawa daga fim ɗin.

Babu wani shafi da aka cika. Kowane nau'in fim yana kare biyu ko uku daga cikin gazawar guda biyar kuma yana barin sauran ga girke-girke, ginin ko wurin.

Wuraren laushi biyu a cikin EVA: acid da tururin ruwa

EVA na matakin photovoltaic yana ɗauke da 28 zuwa 33 % vinyl acetate bisa nauyi. Wannan rukunin polar shi ne dalilin da yasa yake manne wa gilashi da backsheet ba tare da taimako mai yawa ba kuma yana karɓar crosslinker, silane da stabilizers cikin sauƙi. Shi ne kuma asalin raunin biyu, kuma dukansu sun shafi sinadarai ne ba ƙwarewar aiki ba.

Na farko shine ruwa. Adadin da aka buga sun nuna EVA kusan 25 g/m²·24h a 38 °C da 90 % RH yayin da POE kusan 3 g/m²·24h, wato kusan ninki takwas. Babu wani abin rufewa da ke hana ruwa; tambayar ita ce yaya saurin isowa, kuma ta wace gefe yake shigowa.

Na biyu shine acid. Ƙungiyar ester tana rushewa sannu a hankali a cikin zafi mai ɗanɗano kuma tana sakin acetic acid, wanda ke lalata layukan grid na azurfa da saman ribbon. Juriya ta jerin tana hawa, module ɗin yana rasa ƙarfi, kuma duk binciken gani har yanzu yana wucewa. Ka lura da abin da ba a faɗa ba: EVA ba ta gazawa, tana kashe ajiya kan wani martani da resin da ba polar ba ba ya fara shi, wanda ba a iya gani a lokacin cancanta kuma yana da tsada zuwa shekara ta goma sha biyar.

POE: nasara uku da kuɗi uku

POE haɗin gwiwa ne na ethylene da alpha-olefin, yawanci octene, kuma sarkar sa ba ta ɗauke da ƙungiyar ester. Komai kuma ya biyo daga wannan.

Nasara kai tsaye ce. Babu ester yana nufin babu acetic acid, don haka lalacewar layin grid ta rasa man da take amfani da shi. Watsawar tururin ruwa tana kusan 3 g/m²·24h. Juriya ta ƙarar wutar lantarki tana aiki da ninki ɗaya zuwa biyu sama da EVA, wanda shine yadda take hana PID: filin yana korar ions sodium daga gilashin zuwa tantanin, kuma mafi kyawun insulator yana jinkirta wannan gudun, don haka asarar tana zuwa a hankali kuma ba mai zurfi ba. Nasara ta huɗu mafi shiru ita ce elasticity na yanayin zafi ƙasa. EVA tana taurara sosai a kusan minus 20 °C yayin da POE ke riƙe da ƙarin kariyarsa.

Muna tabbatar da wannan gefen keɓewa akan modules da aka haɗa ta hanyar auna juriya ta keɓewa da halin yanzu na ɗigowa a ƙarƙashin wutar lantarki, muna duba ko wannan bambancin ninki ɗaya zuwa biyu yana hana kwararar wutar lantarki a tsakanin gilashin da tantanin.

Kuɗin yana kan layin. Kasancewa mara iyaka yana sa POE ta zama mara kyau ga abubuwan da ake buƙata a fim, don haka ba su da jituwa sosai kuma sun fi fuskantar fitowa zuwa saman. Dole ne a sake gina mannewa ga gilashi ta hanyar ƙira maimakon samun ta daga resin. Lamination tana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo kuma taga tana da ƙunci, wanda ke nufin ƙarin motsi da zamewa na tantanin kafin fim ɗin ya yi gel, kuma samar da resin ya ta'allaka ne a tsakanin masu samarwa kaɗan na ƙasashen waje.

Wannan bayanin yana nuni ga samfuran gilashi-gilashi na n-type, inda iyakokin PID, ruwa da lalata suka fi tsanani, kuma ya nisanta daga ƙaramin farashin module na gilashi ɗaya.

Me yasa EPE sulhu ne, ba jimillar abubuwa ba

EPE fim ne mai haɗaɗɗun yadudduka uku da aka yi ta hanyar coextrusion: fatun EVA, tsakiyar POE. Fatun suna haɗawa da gudana, tsakiyar tana toshe ruwa da ions. Ita ce amsa bayyananna ga "EVA tana laminating da kyau kuma POE tana toshewa da kyau", kuma wannan jumlar ita ce inda tunani yakan tsaya.

Fim mai yadudduka uku ba fim biyu da aka haɗa ba ne. Abubuwa uku suna wanzuwa a cikinsa waɗanda ba su wanzu a cikin ko wanne samfurin yadudduka ɗaya: haɗin da ke tsakanin fata da tsakiya, rabon kauri tsakanin yadudduka, da ƙaurawar abubuwan ƙari a kan wannan iyaka. Idan ka yi kuskuren rabon, tsakiyar za ta fi ƙanƙanta fiye da shingen da ka yi tsammani ka saya. Idan ka yi kuskuren haɗin tsakanin yadudduka, to ka ƙirƙiri filin rabuwa, wanda ke bayyana a matsayin gazawar filin da ake iya gane ta: ramukan da suke da siffar layi waɗanda suke bin layukan ribbon. Kuma fatun har yanzu EVA ne, don haka EPE har yanzu tana fitar da ɗan acid, ƙasa da cikakken fim ɗin EVA amma fiye da POE tsantsa.

Abin da yake saya shine aikin POE a ɗan ƙaramin abun ciki na POE, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya kai ga samfuran gilashi-gilashi na TOPCon da sauri fiye da yadda POE tsantsa ta yi: hujjar wadata da farashi kamar yadda hujjar kimiyyar lissafi take.

Farin EVA yana magance matsala guda ɗaya kawai

Farin EVA shine EVA da aka loda da farin filler, yawanci titanium dioxide, kuma yana kan fuskar baya kawai. Hasken da ke wucewa tsakanin sel, ko tsakanin gefen sel da firam, in ba haka ba zai isa backsheet kuma ya ɓace. Fim mai fari yana warwatsa shi baya, wani ɓangaren yana yin tunani daga gilashin ciki, wasu kuma suna komawa cikin sel. Ƙarfin gefen gaba yana ƙaruwa, gwargwadon yawan yankin rata maimakon fim ɗin.

Kuɗin yana kan tsari ne maimakon sinadari. Fim mai fari ba ya bayyana, don haka module na bifacial ba zai iya amfani da shi a baya ba. Sannan akwai malala: yayin lamination fim ɗin farin yana gudana kuma yana iya hawa kan gefen sel, a cikin mummunan yanayi har zuwa fuskar gaba, wanda ke zama shading da rashin amincewa na kwalliya a lokaci ɗaya. Amsar masana'antu ita ce fim mai fari da aka riga aka yi crosslink, wanda aka ɗan warke a masana'antar fim don ya rage gudana a cikin laminator, wanda ke musanya gudana da matsayi.

Fim na juyawa yana amsa wata tambaya daban

Duk abin da ke sama game da ruwa ne, ions, acid da damuwa. Hasken ultraviolet wani yanki ne daban, kuma gaban tantanin n-type TOPCon ya fi shi hankali fiye da samfurin p-type da ya maye gurbinsa. Tsohuwar amsar ita ce mai shan UV wanda ke yanke UV kafin ya isa tantanin, yana kare tantanin kuma yana watsar da photons da module ɗin zai iya canzawa.

A fim ɗin canzawa yana ɗaukar wata hanya: shan UV kuma sake fitar da shi a cikin kewayon bayyane inda tantanin ke amsawa. Ko wannan ciniki mai kyau ne tambaya ce ta aminci kafin tambayar inganci, domin wakilin dole ya rayu shekaru 25 iri ɗaya na haske da zafi mai ɗanɗano kamar resin da ke kewaye da shi, kuma ruɓewarsa yanayin gazawa ne da bai wanzu ba a da.

Bifaciality yana yanke shawarar wane gefe zai sami wane fim

Module ɗin bifacial yana buƙatar baya mai haske, don haka fim ɗin baya ba zai iya zama fari ba, kuma hakan yana kawar da samfurin da ke wanzu kawai don dawo da haske daga ramukan. Abin da ya rage zaɓi ne tsakanin EVA, POE da EPE bisa dalilan shinge da PID. Wannan shine hanyar da ke bayan canjin kasuwa: bisa alkaluman CPIA dangin POE ya tashi daga kusan 23 % na kasuwar China a 2021 zuwa kusan 35 % a 2022 da kusan 41 % a 2024.

Gine-gine yana canza hanyar ruwa kuma, kuma yana da sauƙi a manta lokacin da aka kwafa lissafin kayan aiki. Module mai gilashi ɗaya yana ɗaukar yawancin ruwansa ta bayan shafi, don haka fim da bayan shafi suna raba aikin shinge. Tare da gilashi a fuskoki biyu hatimin gefe ya zama layin gaba, wanda ke sanya mannen firam a cikin tattaunawa ɗaya da encapsulant.

Tambayoyi biyar ga mai samar da fim

Tattaunawar ƙayyadaddun bayanai yawanci game da lambar takardar bayanai ne kuma ba safai game da gwajin da ke bayanta ba. Waɗannan su ne biyar da za mu rubuta.

A cikin ka'idojin gwajin mu, muna buƙatar auna hipot, juriya na rufi, da zubar da ruwa a kan laminates da aka gama don tabbatar da cewa encapsulant da aka zaɓa yana hana rushewar dielectric a ƙarƙashin ƙarfin wutar lantarki na aiki.

• Adadin watsa tururin ruwa: a wane zafin jiki, zafi da kauri, kuma an daidaita ƙimar zuwa ma'aunin tunani ko an faɗi ta na asali.
• Juriya na ƙarar: a wane zafin jiki da filin, saboda ƙimar tana motsawa da oda na girma a cikin kewayon da module ke gani.
• Sakin acid: ko mai samarwa yana ba da rahoton haɓakar acetate ko canjin pH kawai, da kuma bayan sa'o'i nawa na zafi mai ɗanɗano.
• Riƙe ƙarfin bawon: ƙimar farko da riƙewa bayan zafi mai ɗanɗano da bayan UV, ana bayar da rahoto daban, saboda fim na iya wuce ɗaya ya kasa ɗayan.
• Tagar lamination: faɗinta a cikin daƙiƙa da digiri, maƙasudin maganin da aka ba da shawara, da ko fim ɗin yana jurewa zagaye na biyu da sake yin aiki ke buƙata.

Sannan tambaya ɗaya a wajen takardar bayanai. Canza nau'in fim, kauri ko mai bayarwa yana sa module ɗin ya zama samfurin da ya canza a idanun ka'idojin cancanta, kuma sel da ba su canza ba ba hujja ba ce; IEC TS 62915 yana bayyana abin da canjin kayan ke tilasta maka sake gwadawa, kuma yana da arha a karanta kafin canjin fiye da bayansa. Ko fim ɗin yana aiki a kan injin lamination ɗinka da ke akwai ita ce tambaya ta biyu.

Inda waɗannan lambobin suka fito

Ayyuka biyar da alamun gazawarsu, 2382 ta 1134 mm module mai kusan 5.4 m² na fim a cikin yadudduka biyu da 2.2 zuwa 2.7 kg, adadin m² miliyan 10 a kowace GW, kaso 3 zuwa 4 % na farashin module, adadin 25 da 3 g/m²·24h, gibin juriya na oda ɗaya zuwa biyu, abun ciki na vinyl acetate 28 zuwa 33 %, ƙimar faɗaɗawa ga gilashi kusan 9, jan ƙarfe kusan 17 da silicon kusan 3 ppm/K, tantanin 130 µm, da kowane kaso na kasuwa a nan sun fito ne daga labarai biyu na harshen Sinanci a cikin jerin kayan aikin photovoltaic, ɗaya kan abin da fim ɗin yake yi ɗaya kuma kan iyalin fim ɗin. Dukansu kayan aikin ƙwararru ne, kuma dukansu suna lakafta alkalummansu a matsayin ƙimar da aka saba bugawa maimakon ma'auni na samfur mai suna.

Alkaluma uku suna buƙatar tuta. Kaso na farashi shine 3 zuwa 4 % a labarin farko da 4 zuwa 7 % a wasu ƙididdiga, don haka ɗauke shi a matsayin kewayon da ya dogara da lokaci da abin da ake ƙidaya. An ba da rahoton tsarin kasuwa na 2024 sau biyu kuma biyun ba su daidaita ba: ɗaya yana sanya EVA mai bayyanawa kusan kashi huɗu cikin goma, EPE kusa da kashi uku cikin goma, kuma farin EVA da POE kowanne sama da kashi ɗaya cikin goma, yayin da wani kuma yana sanya EVA mai bayyanawa a 41.6 %, EPE a 37.0 % da POE tsantsa kusan 13.2 %. Cibiyoyi biyu, ma'anoni biyu, don haka ɗauki yanayin ba matakin ba: kaso na EVA yana raguwa kuma iyalin POE ba ya raguwa. Kuma 2.70 m² kowane gefe lissafi ne akan girman module, ba fim da aka auna ba.

Teburin bincike na baya nawa ne gini, ba sakamakon da aka wallafa ba. Haɗa yanayin gazawa da nau'in fim ya biyo daga hanyoyin da majiyoyin suka bayyana, amma tsara wace gazawa ya kamata ka fara tsoro hukunci ne game da samfurinka, yanayin yanayinka da wutar lantarkin tsarinka, kuma babu wanda ya auna shi. Tagar lamination da abubuwan lura da kayan aiki sun fito daga gogewar layi; watsawa, juriya, faɗaɗawa da lambobin kasuwa na majiyoyin ne.

Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi

Tambaya: Shin POE koyaushe yakan fi EVA a aminci?

A'a. Yakan yi nasara kan ruwa, ions da acid kuma yakan ba da tagar tsari da gefen mannewa. A kan module na gilashi ɗaya a cikin yanayi mai sauƙi, tare da riƙe bawo bayan zafi mai ɗanɗano, raunin EVA na iya zama ba a taɓa gwada shi ba.

Tambaya: Me ya sa watsawar tururin ruwa ita ce lambar da mutane suka fara ambata?

Domin tana hasashen gazawa biyu a lokaci ɗaya: yadda ruwa ke zuwa da sauri don tafiyar da hydrolysis, da yadda ions ke motsi cikin sauƙi a filin. Babu encapsulant da ke hana ruwa; yana saita ƙimar kawai.

Tambaya: Shin bambancin sau takwas a watsawa bambancin sau takwas ne a rayuwa?

A'a. Adadin isowa lokaci ɗaya ne a cikin sarkar da kuma ya haɗa da zafin jiki, wutar lantarki na tsarin, rufewar gefe da acid ɗin da fim ɗin kansa ke fitarwa. Ka ɗauke shi a matsayin matsayi, ba mai ninka shekaru ba.

Tambaya: Shin ana iya bayyana EPE kamar dai POE ne?

Sai kawai idan ka bayyana ainihin. Ka nemi rabon Layer, ƙarfin cirewa tsakanin Layer da bayanan ƙaura na abubuwan ƙari. Fina-finan EPE guda biyu masu kauri ɗaya amma ainihin daban-daban samfura ne daban-daban.

Tambaya: Menene alaƙar PID da juriya na ƙarfin wutar lantarki?

Filin yana tura ions sodium daga gilashin zuwa tantanin halitta, kuma mafi kyawun mai hana wuta yana jinkirta wannan gudun, don haka asarar tana zuwa daga baya kuma ba ta da zurfi. Ruwan ɗigowa a wutar lantarki tare da zafi mai ɗanɗano a ƙarƙashin matsi shine yadda ake duba shi bayan tsufa.

Tambaya: Yaushe farin EVA ya cancanci wahalar aiki?

A kan module mai fuska ɗaya inda wutar fuska ta gaba ita ce adadin da kake sayarwa. Ribar tana da gaske kuma tana iyakance ta yankin rata, don haka tana raguwa yayin da ƙwayoyin halitta suke girma kuma rata suna raguwa.

Tambaya: Shin fim ɗin juyawa yana canza hanyoyin gazawar da ke sama?

Yana ƙara ɗaya kuma yana cire wani ɓangare na wani. Kwanciyar hankali na wakilin juyawa ya zama sabuwar hanyar tsufa tare da nata lanƙwasa ruɓewa, kuma nauyin UV akan tantanin halitta da fim na gaba yana raguwa, wanda shine dalilin da yasa ake tattauna shi akan ƙwayoyin n-type.

Tambaya: Menene muke bincika da farko idan modules sun rabu tare da ribbons?

Ko fim ko tsari. Ramin da ke bin layukan ribbon na iya fitowa daga danshi a cikin fim ɗin, ƙimar hawan da ke yin gel ɗin gefen kafin tsakiya, ko matakin vacuum wanda ke barin iska a busbar. Nau'in fim ɗin yana ƙayyade haɗarin; girke-girken yana yanke shawarar ranar.

Tunani na ƙarshe

Encapsulant wani tsari ne na ciniki, kuma sunan fim hanya ce mara kyau ta tunawa da su. Rubuta gazawar da samfurinka da wurinka za su iya jurewa, jera su, saya fim ɗin da ke rufe manyan biyu, sannan ka sanya sauran cikin farashin garanti. Kayan shine 3 zuwa 4 % na farashin module, garantin yana gudana shekaru 25, kuma laminate ba za a iya gyara shi ba. Wannan rabo shine dalilin da yasa shawarar ta cancanci tebur maimakon al'ada.

OOITech tana samar da CHT9980A da CHT9981A jerin na'urar gwajin aminci na PV, haɗa gwajin hipot, juriya na insulation, ci gaba da ƙasa, da gwajin yoyo jika a cikin tasha ɗaya don cancantar module da kula da inganci a layi. Aika tarin module ɗinka, lissafin kayan aiki, ko samfuran gwaji zuwa ƙungiyar injiniyanmu don kimanta aikin keɓewar encapsulant ɗinka da iyakokin girke-girke.