PV Cell Metallization: Shin Za a Iya Amfani da Dabarar Hana Azurfa Don Dakatar da Copper?

Gabatarwa

Farashin azurfa a China ya sake hawa sama da 16,000 yuan/kg a farkon Satumba — ma'aunin SunSirs yana kan 16,168 yuan/kg. Idan muka koma baya: a cikin 2025, Shanghai silver futures ya haura kusan 138% a cikin shekara; zuwa farkon 2026 ya ɗan karya 26,000 yuan/kg. Masana'antar PV ta shafe fiye da shekara guda tana kallon farashin azurfa da zuciya a cikin makogwaro.

Amma abin da ya cancanci kallo ba shine farashin yau ba. Yana da matsalolin tsari guda uku.

Matsalar Azurfa Ba Farashi Ba ce, Tsarin Samarwa Ne

Samar da azurfa ba shi da elasticity

Fitar da azurfa ta dogara ne akan hakar karafa masu dauke da ita (gubar, zinc, jan karfe). Sabon ma'adinai yana daukan shekaru biyar zuwa takwas ana ginawa. Duk yadda farashin azurfa ya yi tsawo, wadata ba zata iya ci gaba ba — alamar farashin tana daukan kusan shekaru goma kafin ta kai ga wadata.

Azurfa tana da sifa ta kudi

Karancin kaya, babban karfi, sauyin farashi yana kara girma sau da yawa. Ba kayan masana'antu kawai ba ne, abu ne mai daraja.

PV na daya daga cikin manyan tushen bukatar masana'antu

Amfani da azurfa a PV ya kai kusan kashi 20% na wadatar shekara-shekara a duniya. Bayan da sel N-type suka zama ruwan dare, amfani da azurfa a kowace watt bai ragu ba — ya karu, kuma jimlar amfani da azurfa ya ninka kusan sau biyu. Man azurfa ya riga ya zama kashi 43% na farashin da ba silicon ba (kimin Haitong Securities). A cewar Shen Wenzhong na Jami'ar Shanghai Jiao Tong: "Azurfa ta zama abu na farko mai tsada a cikin PV modules, ta wuce polysilicon."

Don haka ra'ayina shine: matsalar azurfa ba farashi ba ce, tsarin wadata ne. Jiran farashin ya fadi kafin a yi aiki shine yin caca akan abu mai yuwuwar faruwa kadan.

2026: Amfani da Azurfa a PV Ya Juya Karon Farko

A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, abin da masana'antar ke yankewa shi ne "nawa azurfa a kowace watt." Abin da ke canzawa da gaske a wannan shekarar shi ne "nawa azurfa da dukan masana'antar PV ke ci a shekara."

Fraunhofer ISE ya sanar da cewa yawan amfani da azurfa a cikin TOPCon cell ya ragu da sau goma — sau goma, ba 10% ba. Hanyar buga matakai biyu ta rage amfani da azurfa a gefen baya da karin 80%. Kuma sabon World Silver Survey 2026 daga Silver Institute ya nuna cewa bukatar azurfar PV a duniya a 2026 ana sa ran za ta ragu zuwa oza miliyan 151 (kimanin tan 4,290) — raguwar farko cikin shekaru.

Rage azurfa, a karon farko, ya canza daga labarin "matsin farashi" zuwa labarin "isar da jimlar yawan."

Hanyoyin Da Ba Za Mu Maimaita Ba

Hanyoyin musamman — azurfa mai rufe jan karfe, man jan karfe mai tsafta, rufe jan karfe, ACM — cikakkun bayanan tsarinsu, lissafin farashi, da alamun tambaya na aminci, mun rufe su a cikin labaran da suka gabata. Akwai tarin hanyoyin haɗi a ƙarshe, don haka babu bukatar sake buɗe su a nan.

Abin da wannan labarin ke son magana akai shi ne bangon da duk waɗannan hanyoyin ke fuskanta tare: jan karfe yana zuwa, to wa zai hana jan karfe?

Darasi na Hana Azurfa: Za a Iya Amfani da Shi Don Hana Jan Karfe?

Abubuwa biyu na ƙarshe sun yi magana game da "toshe azurfa" ta amfani da layin tsaro mai yadudduka: wani babban ɗaki na amorphous wanda aka haɗa shi sosai a matsayin zauren liyafar, yana barin azurfa ta shiga don yin tuntuɓar; wani ɗaki na ciki na poly-Si mai ƙarfi sosai a matsayin ƙofa; da kuma oxide na rami a matsayin shingen ƙarshe na fuska. Azurfa tana zama a waje da substrate, kuma ƙarfin buɗe-ƙofa mai ɓoye yana riƙe da 5mV.

Yanzu jan ƙarfe yana so ya shiga. Jan ƙarfe a cikin silicon ya fi azurfa haɗari sosai — yana yaɗuwa da sauri, shine cibiyar sake haɗuwa mai zurfi, kuma da zarar ya shiga cikin substrate yana shiga zurfi kuma yana lalata da ƙarfi. Don haka aikin "dakatar da yaɗuwa," wanda aka ɗaukaka daga toshe azurfa zuwa dakatar da jan ƙarfe, ya tashi mataki ɗaya cikin wahala.

Dubi tsarin kashi uku na ACM na LONGi: Layer na iri don toshe yaduwar jan ƙarfe, alloy na tushen jan ƙarfe don juriya ga oxidation, da kuma matrix point-contact don rage sake haɗuwa. Kashi na farko shine "layer na iri yana toshe yaduwar jan ƙarfe" — abin da yake karewa ba kawai oxidation ba, shine jan ƙarfe da kansa yana shiga cikin silicon. Wannan tunani shine falsafar guda ɗaya da poly-Si mai Layer biyu da ke toshe azurfa: kada ka damu da "rashin amfani da shi," ka tsara a kusa da "sarrafa shi." Layer na iri yana sarrafa yaduwa, alloy yana sarrafa kwanciyar hankali, point contact yana sarrafa sake haɗuwa — sake, rabon aiki a Layer, kowace Layer tana yin aiki ɗaya.

Mun faɗa a baya: hikimar toshe azurfa ba ta cikin "katanga," tana cikin "Layer." Wannan layin yana nan gaskiya ga dakatar da jan ƙarfe, watakila ma fiye — domin jan ƙarfe yana buƙatar sarrafawa fiye da azurfa.

Ruwan Sanyi

Cire azurfa ba shi da ma'aunin ƙasa kuma babu wani dogon lokaci na shaida a fili. Wasu hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su na tagulla mai tsafta a cikin binciken da aka buga har yanzu suna bayan ingantaccen samar da TOPCon na yanzu da babban bambanci — wasu kwatancen suna sanya tazarar kusan kashi 1.5 cikin ɗari. ACM na LONGi ya zuwa yanzu yana da bayanan tsufa da aka hanzarta kawai kuma babu sakamakon filin na shekaru 25 na waje (ko da yake Fraunhofer ISE's tagulla-plated TOPCon modules sun wuce gwajin lalacewa na IEC 61215, don haka bayanan tsufa da aka hanzarta sun riga sun nuna alamun kyau).

Waɗannan hanyoyin har yanzu suna cikin canji daga layukan nunawa da layukan gwaji zuwa samarwa mai yawa. Ƙarfin da aka tsara ba za a iya daidaita shi da ainihin ikon jigilar kaya ba.

Gasar ta fara, amma tsere ba samarwa ba ne — wanda ya gama tabbatar da amincin farko shine ainihin mai nasara.

Hukunci ɗaya da Aiki ɗaya don Layin

Hukunci

Rabin na biyu na rage azurfa yana canzawa daga "ajiye kuɗi" zuwa "kwatanta aminci." Jimlar amfani da azurfa ya fara raguwa. Ragowar gasar ba ta zama "wanda ya yi amfani da ƙarancin azurfa" ba, ita ce "wanda ya yi amfani da ƙarancin azurfa ba tare da rasa inganci ba kuma ba tare da haifar da matsala ba." Tarin bayanan aminci, ba abubuwan ƙaddamarwa ba, zai zama sabon matakin.

Aiki

Ka kula da abubuwa uku sosai. Inda hanyar kayan aiki ta kai (yawan amfanin da kudin jan karfe mai rufin azurfa, man jan karfe, plating). Yaya bayanan aminci suka girma (fiye da tsufa mai sauri, shin akwai shaidar filin gaske a waje). Da kuma gibin tsakanin farashin azurfa da amfani da azurfa (ko kudin da aka ajiye daga yanke azurfa ya isa ya biya kudin canza kayan). Lokacin da kowane ɗayan waɗannan uku ya kai matsayin juyi shine lokacin da layin ya kamata ya motsa.

Don haka waɗannan abubuwa uku, har zuwa ƙarshe, da gaske suna game da abu ɗaya. A gefen gaba, bari azurfa ta shiga daidai. A gefen baya, bari azurfa ta tsaya daidai. Gabaɗaya, a yi amfani da ƙarancin azurfa. Kuma da zarar jan karfe ya ɗauki sandar da gaske, tambayar ta zama: ta yaya za ka bar jan karfe ya shiga amma ka kiyaye shi daga silicon.

Daga cire aluminum, zuwa toshe azurfa, zuwa rage azurfa, zuwa dakatar da jan karfe — gasar metallization ta gaba ta TOPCon, a ainihin ta, ba game da "wane man ya fi ƙarfi" ba, amma game da wane ya fi iya sarrafa ƙarfe.

Ra'ayin Ooitech

Abin da ya ba ni mamaki a nan shi ne, yaƙin ya ƙaura daga kwalbar manna zuwa sarrafa tsari a kan layin. Shingayen Layer-Seed, tagogin plating, kwanciyar hankali na alloy — duk waɗannan suna ɗaga matakin yadda ake gina layin module, daidaita shi da kuma duba shi, ba wai kawai kayan da yake saya ba. A gefenmu muna gina layukan module na 5MW zuwa 1GW, mun riga mun ga cewa masu gwajin EL, masu gwajin IV da kuma daidaiton layup suna da muhimmanci yayin da sel ke yin sirara kuma metallization ke zama mai rikitarwa. Copper ba zai gafarta layin da ba shi da tsari ba kamar yadda azurfa ta yi a wasu lokuta. Ya cancanci bin tashar YouTube ɗinmu www.youtube.com/ooitech idan kana son ganin yadda waɗannan matakan ke gudana a zahiri a filin masana'anta.